TIL

Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus

p007.htm

• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg; 1929.
- Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
- https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton, pp. 627.
- FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary , by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).  Downloaded copies in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> / bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
•  Pali-Myanmar Dictionary (in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
- HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190624)

Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL). Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL  Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR 
 - http://www.tuninst.net , www.romabama.blogspot.com 

MC-indx.htm | Top
MCpp-indx.htm

Contents of this page

{a.ti.pa.}
  p007c1
{a.ti.ba.}
{a.ti.Ba.}
{a.ti.ma.}

{a.ti.ya.}
{a.ti.ra.}
  p007c2
{a.ti.la.}
{a.ti.wa.}

UKT 140715, 160519: Keep in mind that Skt-Myan {wya.}, derived aks-to-aks transformation from Skt-Dev, can become Pal-Myan {bya.}. See UHS-PMD0031

{a.ti.vya.}

  p007c3 : Fricatives 
{a.ti.sha.}
{a.ti.Sa.} अतष
{a.ti.þa.}

UKT notes :
• Fricatives in BEPS
• Negation in English & Sanskrit vs. Burmese
• Poetic meter: Sanskrit & Western

Contents of this page

{a.ti.pa.}

p007c1

p007c1-b00/ p013-अतिप्रचण्ड

• अतिप्रचण्ड [ ati-prakanda ]
- a. extremely vehement; -pratyâsaṅga, m. too great proximity.

p007c1-b01/ p013-अतिप्रबन्ध

• अतिप्रबन्ध [ ati-prabandha ]
- m. uninterruptedness: °-ad. ceaselessly.

p007c1-b02/ p013-अतिप्रबल 

• अतिप्रबल [ ati-prabala ]
- a. very powerful.

p007c1-b03/ p013-अतिप्रमाण

• अतिप्रमाण [ ati-pramâna ]
- a. of unusual size.

p007c1-b04/ p013-अतिप्रयुक्त

• अतिप्रयुक्त [ ati-pra-yukta ]
- pp. very usual; -vritta, pp. much busied with (in.); -vriddha, pp. very aged; too haughty.

p007c1-b05/ p013-004

• अतिप्रवेश [ ati-pravesa ]
- m. obtrusiveness.
4) अतिप्रवेश (p. 13) ati-pravesa obtrusiveness.

ob·tru·sive adj. ¹. Thrusting out; protruding: an obtrusive rock formation. ². Tending to push self-assertively forward; brash: the obtrusive behavior of a spoiled child. ³. Undesirably noticeable: an obtrusive scar. -- AHTD

p007c1-b06/ p013-अतिप्रशस्त

• अतिप्रशस्त [ ati-pra-sasta ]
- pp. greatly praised; -sânta, pp. completely allayed; -sakta, pp. excessively attached.

al·lay v. tr. al·layed al·lay·ing al·lays ¹. To reduce the intensity of; relieve: allay back pains. See note at relieve . ². To calm or pacify; set to rest: allayed the fears of the worried citizens. - AHTD

p007c1-b07/ p013-अतिप्रसक्ति

• अतिप्रसक्ति [ ati-prasakti ]
- f. too great addiction, to (g.); -prasaṅga, m. id.; too wide application (of a gr. rule); excessive diffuseness; -prastâva, m. very suitable opportunity.

p007c1-b08/ p013-अतिप्राकृत

• अतिप्राकृत [ ati-prâkrita ]
- a. very common, -illiterate; -prâna-priya, a. dearer than life.

p007c1-b09/ p013-अतिप्रिय

• अतिप्रिय [ ati-priya ]
- a. very pleasant: in. ad.; -praudha-yauvana, a. in the prime of youth.

© प्रौढयौवन «prauḍhayauvana»
Skt: [praudha-yauvana] - a. in the prime of youth. - Mac007c1
Skt: प्रौढयौवन «prauḍhayauvana» - adj. being in the prime or bloom of youth - SpkSkt

Contents of this page

{a.ti.ba.}

p007c1-b10/ p013-अतिबल

• अतिबल [ ati-bala ]
- a. extremely powerful; â, f. N. of a spell; -balin, a. id.; -balîyas, cpv. much more powerful; -bahu, a. very much; -bâla, a. very young; -bîbhatsa, a. very disgusting.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.Ba.}

p007c1-b11/ p013-अतिभय

• अतिभय [ ati-bhaya ]
- n. great danger.

p007c1-b12/ p013-अतिभार

• अतिभार [ ati-bhâra ]
- m. excessive burden.

p007c1-b13/ p013-अतिभीषण 

• अतिभीषण [ ati-bhîshana ]
- a. very terrible.

p007c1-b14/ p013-अतिभू

• अतिभू [ ati-bhû ]
- a. surpassing all.

p007c1-b15/ p013-अतिभूमि

• अतिभूमि [ ati-bhûmi ]
- f. acme, high degree.

p007c1-b16/ p013-अतिभूरि

• अतिभूरि [ ati-bhûri ]
- a. very much (°--).

p007c1-b17/ p013-अतिभृत््

• अतिभृत्् [ ati-bhrit ]
- a. heavily burdened.

p007c1-b18/ p013-अतिभैरव

• अतिभैरव [ ati-bhairava ]
- a. very terrible.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.ma.}

p007c1-b19/ p013-अतिमञ्जुल 

• अतिमञ्जुल ati-manjula  
= अ ति म ञ्ज ु ल  --> {a.ti.miñ~zu.la.}
- a. extremely lovely.

UKT 160518: note the conjunct {ñ~za.} ञ्ज

p007c1-b20/ p013-अतिमतिमत््

• अतिमतिमत्् [ ati-matimat ]
- a. extremely clever.

p007c1-b21/ p013-अतिमद 

• अतिमद [ ati-mada ]
- m. violent excitement; -madhyamdina, n. exactly noon.

p007c1-b22/ p013-अतिमलिन

• अतिमलिन [ ati-malina ]
- a. very dirty; very low.

p007c1-b23/ p013-022

• अतिमहत्् [ ati-mahat ]
- a. very large; too long.
22) अतिमहत्् (p. 13) ati-mahat very large; too long.

p007c1-b24/ p013-अतिमात्र

• अतिमात्र [ ati-mâtra ]
- a. excessive: °--&-m, ad. excessively, beyond measure, very.

p007c1-b25/ p013-अतिमान 

• अतिमान [ ati-mâná ]
- m. self-conceit, pride.

p007c1-b26/ p013-अतिमानिन््

• अतिमानिन्् [ ati-mânin ]
- a. proud; having a delicate sense of honour.

p007c1-b27/ p013-अतिमानुष

• अतिमानुष [ ati-mânusha ]
- a. superhuman.

p007c1-b28/ p013-अतिमारुत

• अतिमारुत [ ati-mâruta ]
- m. violent wind.

p007c1-b29/ p013-अतिमुखर 

• अतिमुखर [ ati-mukhara ]
- a. extremely talkative; -mûdha, pp. very foolish, very stupid.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.ya.}

UKT 140715, 160519: Approximants, {ya.}/{Ña.}, {ra.}, {la.}, {wa.}/{va.} are semi-consonants, but are usually called semivowels in the West. Note that
#1. I have identified Nya'major {Ña.} to be the Palatal-approximant whilst {ya.} /ja/ is the Velar-approximant. My conclusion is based on the presence of {Ñ} and {ý}, and the similarity in meanings of words with them such as {sic-þæÑ} 'one who carries the burden of battle, i.e. soldier', and {Zé:þèý} 'one who carries the burden of bazaar, i.e. seller'.
#2. Pal-Myan {wa.} is written as {va.} in Skt-Dev.

p007c1-b30/ p013-अतियत्न

• अतियत्न [ ati-yatna ]
- m. great exertion; -yasa, a. very illustrious; -yâkita, pp. importuned.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.ra.}

p007c1-b31/ p013-अतिरंहस््

• अतिरंहस्् [ ati-ramhas ]
- a. excessively swift.

p007c1-b32/ p013-अतिरक्तता

• अतिरक्तता [ ati-rakta-tâ ]  
- f. excessive liking for (lc.); -ratita, n. violent shrieking; -ratna, n. precious gem; jewel of the first water; -ratha, m. great champion; -rabhasa, a. very wild, -impetuous; -m, ad.; -ramanîya, fp. extremely charming: -tâ, f. abst. ɴ.; -ramya, fp. id.; -raya, a. running extremely fast; -rasa, a. very palatable; m. too strong a key-note (rh.); violent desire: -tas, ad. too eagerly.

© ati-ratna
Skt: [-ratna] - n. precious gem; jewel of the first water -- Mac007c1

UKT 120918, 160519: The translation term "jewel of the first water" is the same as Bur-Myan "jewel of the first quality":  {a.ræÑ a.þwé: kaung:} in Bur-Myan. Here {a.ræÑ} means 'liquid', 'quality', 'water'. Contrary to the common belief that Bur-Myan has a lot of words derived from Pali, it is possible that Bur-Myan and ancient Magadhi (from which Pali is derived) were Tib-Bur languages with a lot of common terms. Skt-Dev is a dialect of Magadhi spoken in north-western India.

p007c1-b33/ p013-अतिरस्कृत 

• अतिरस्कृत [ a-tiras-krita ]
- pp. unsurpassed; greatest.

p007c2

p007c2-b00/ p013-अतिरात्र

• अतिरात्र [ ati-râtrá ]
- a. kept during the night; m. form of the Soma sacrifice requiring three nocturnal recitations.

p007c2-b01/ p013-अतिरुष््

• अतिरुष्् [ ati-rush ]
- a. enraged; -rûdha, pp. closely cohering: -tva, n. abst. ɴ.; -rûpa, a. very beautiful; n. great beauty.

p007c2-b02/ p013-अतिरेक

• अतिरेक [ ati-reka ]
- m. excess, high degree.

p007c2-b03/ p013-अतिरोचमान

• अतिरोचमान [ ati-rokamâna ]
- a. having still finer tufts of hair on the neck (horse).

p007c2-b04/ p013-अतिरोहितत्व

• अतिरोहितत्व [ ati-rohita-tva ]
- n. envelopment.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.la.}

p007c2-b05/ p013-अतिलङ्घिन््

• अतिलङ्घिन्् [ ati-laṅghin ]
- a. overstepping.

p007c2-b06/ p013-063

• अतिललित [ ati-lalita ]
- pp. extremely lovely.
63) अतिललित (p. 13) ati-lalita extremely lovely.

UKT 130523, 140714: The female name Lalita 'beauty' is intriguing to me on several counts. Lalita can be one of the gopi-friends of Krishna.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalita_gopi  130523

Lalita can also be the goddess, Tripura Sundari, of Tripura - a small Indian state connected to Manipur. Since Bur-Myan has many relationships with Tripura because of the geography, I wonder whether Tripura Sundari and the Pyu Nat-goddess, Thoanban'hla {þoän-pûn-lha.} are connected.
See Thoanban'hla {þoän-pûn-lha.} in Folk Elements in Buddhism
- flk-ele-indx.htm > ch07-nat-list.htm
See Wikipedia on Tripura Sundari.

Since spelling reflects pronunciation, Lalita and Lilith (of the Jewish legend connected to Genesis - 'Creation of Man') related?.
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith 130523

p007c2-b07/ p013-042

• अतिलुब्ध [ ati-lubdha ]
- pp. very greedy, very avaricious: -tâ, f. excessive greed; -lobha, m. id.: -tâ, f. id.
42) अतिलुब्ध (p. 13) ati-lubdha very greedy, very avaricious: -tâ, f. excessive greed; -lobha, m. id.: -tâ, f. id.

p007c2-b08/ p013-041

• अतिलोम [ ati-loma ]
- a. excessively hairy; -lola, a. excessively wavering; -lohita, a. dark red: f. inî; -laulya, n. excessive greed: -vat, a. too eager, very eager.
41) अतिलोम (p. 13) ati-loma excessively hairy; -lola, a. excessively wavering; -lohita, a. dark red: f. inî; -laulya, n. excessive greed: -vat, a. too eager, very eager.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.wa.}

UKT 140715, 160519: Keep in mind that Skt-Myan {wya.}, derived aks-to-aks transformation from Skt-Dev, can become Pal-Myan {bya.}. See UHS-PMD0031

p007c2-b09/ p013-040

• अतिवत्सल [ ati-vatsala ]
- a. very tender; -vartana, n. exemption, remission; -vartin, a. crossing; passing over; transgressing, neglecting; -vallabha, a. very dear: -tâ, f., -tva, n. abst. n.; -varsha, m. n., -na, n. excessive rain.
40) अतिवत्सल (p. 13) ati-vatsala very tender; -vartana, n. exemption, remission; -vartin, a. crossing; passing over; transgressing, neglecting; -vallabha, a. very dear: -tâ, f., -tva, n. abst. n.; -varsha, m. n., -na, n. excessive rain.

p007c2-b10/ p013-039

• अतिवात [ ati-vâta ]
- m. violent wind; -vât salya, n. extreme tenderness; -vâda, m. hard word, insult; -vâhya, n. passing (the night).
39) अतिवात (p. 13) ati-vâta violent wind; -vâtsalya, n. extreme tenderness; -vâda, m. hard word, insult; -vâhya, n. passing (the night).

p007c2-b11/ p013-038

• अतिविगर्ह्य [ ati-vigarhya ]
- fp. very blameworthy.
38) अतिविगर्ह्य (p. 13) ati-vigarhya very blameworthy.

p007c2-b12/ p013-037

• अतिविग्रहिन्् [ ati-vigrahin ]
- a. too bellicose.
37) अतिविग्रहिन्् (p. 13) ati-vigrahin too bellicose.

p007c2-b13/ p013-013

• अतिवितथ [ ati-vitatha ]
- a. quite useless; -vâk, a. excessively mendacious.
13) अतिवितथ (p. 13) ati-vitatha quite useless; -vâk, a. excessively mendacious.

men·da·cious - adj. ¹. Lying; untruthful: a mendacious child. ². False; untrue: a mendacious statement. See note at dishonest . -- AHTD

p007c2-b14/ p013-012

• अतिविधुर [ ati-vidhura ]
- a. very wretched.
12) अतिविधुर (p. 13) ati-vidhura very wretched.

p007c2-b15/ p013-011

• अतिविपर्यय [ ati-viparyaya ]
- m. great perversity; -vipina, a. very well wooded; -vipra-karsha, m. excessive distance; -vimanas, a. greatly discouraged.
11) अतिविपर्यय (p. 13) ati-viparyaya great perversity; -vipina, a. very well wooded; -viprakarsha, m. excessive distance; -vimanas, a. greatly discouraged.

p007c2-b16/ p013-010

• अतिविराजिन्् [ ati-virâgin ]
- a. extremely splendid; -virûpa, a. excessively ugly.
10) अतिविराजिन्् (p. 13) ati-virâgin extremely splendid; -virûpa, a. excessively ugly.

p007c2-b17/ p013-073

• अतिविलम्ब [ ati-vilamba ]
- m. excessive delay.
73) अतिविलम्ब (p. 13) ati-vilamba excessive delay.

p007c2-b18/ p013-072

• अतिविषम [ ati-vishama ]
- a. very dangerous; more dangerous than (ab.); very arduous; -visârin, a. of very wide scope; -vistara, m. excessive prolixity: -tas, ad. in a very detailed manner; -vistâra, m. great extent; -vistîrna, pp. too extensive; -vihvala, a. very perplexed, greatly overcome.
72) अतिविषम (p. 13) ati-vishama very dangerous; more dangerous than (ab.); very arduous; -visârin, a. of very wide scope; -vistara, m. excessive prolixity: -tas, ad. in a very detailed manner; -vistâra, m. great extent; -vistîrna, pp. too extensive; -vihvala, a. very perplexed, greatly overcome.

p007c2-b19/ p013-071

• अतिवीर [ ati-vîra ]
- m. great hero.
71) अतिवीर (p. 13) ati-vîra great hero.

p007c2-b20/ p013-070

• अतिवीर्यपराक्रम [ ati-vîrya-parâkrama ]
- a. of extraordinary bravery & prowess.
70) अतिवीर्यपराक्रम (p. 13) ati-vîrya-parâkrama of extraordinary bravery & prowess.

p007c2-b21/ p013-069

• अतिवीर्यवत्् [ ati-vîrya-vat ]
- a. very effective (remedy).
69) अतिवीर्यवत्् (p. 13) ati-vîrya-vat very effective (remedy).

p007c2-b22/ p013-068

• अतिवृत्त [ ati-vritta ]
- pp. long past; -vritti, f. trespass; -vriddhi, f. excessive growth; -vrishti, f. excessive rain: -da, a. giving --.
68) अतिवृत्त (p. 13) ati-vritta long past; -vritti, f. trespass; -vriddhi, f. excessive growth; -vrishti, f. excessive rain: -da, a. giving --.

p007c2-b23/ p013-067

• अतिवेग [ ati-vega ]
- m. excessive haste; -vedanâ, f. violent pain; -vepathu-mat, a. trembling violently.
67) अतिवेग (p. 13) ati-vega excessive haste; -vedanâ, f. violent pain; -vepathu-mat, a. trembling violently.

p007c2-b24/ p013-066

• अतिवैचक्षण्य [ ati-vaikakshanya ]
- n. very great experience.
66) अतिवैचक्षण्य (p. 13) ati-vaikakshanya very great experience.

p007c2-b25/ p013-065

• अतिवैषम्य [ ati-vaishamya ]
- n. great inequality of ground.
65) अतिवैषम्य (p. 13) ati-vaishamya great inequality of ground.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.vya.} --> Pal-Myan {a.ti.bya.}

See - UHS-PMD0031
-
  UKT from UHS - mfn. very thorough

p007c2-b26/ p013-062

• अतिव्यय [ ati-vyaya ]
- m. lavish expenditure, extravagance; -vyasana, n. great calamity; -vyasanin, a. overpowered by vice; -vyut panna, pp. very experienced in (lc.); -vrata, a. excessively pious.
62) अतिव्यय (p. 13) ati-vyaya lavish expenditure, extra vagance; -vyasana, n. great calamity; -vyasanin, a. overpowered by vice; -vyutpanna, pp. very experienced in (lc.); -vrata, a. excessively pious.

Contents of this page

p007c3

Fricatives

Romabama definition of Fricatives

UKT 140715, 160520:

The three Fricatives, Husher {sha.}/ {sh}, Hisser {Sa.}/ {S}, and Thibilant {þa.}/ {þ}, are widely misunderstood because the non-hissing thibilant <th> sound of Bur-Myan & Eng-Lat is very rare among the world's languages. This sound is found in the common English words such as <thin> /θɪn/ (DJPD16-535), and <thorn> /θɔːn/ (DJPD16-535). Instead of using the English digraph <th>, I have to use the Old-English <þ> - the "thorn" character.

In Bur-Myan, there is only one non-hissing thibilant {þa.} /θ/. In its place, there are three hissing sibilant sounds in Hindi-Dev & Skt-Dev: श «śa» /ʃ/ ; ष «ṣ» /s/; स «s» /s/ . To make up for the absent sounds, I have to use {sha.}// {sh}, for श, {Sa.}/ {S} for ष . I have to leave स as it is. Only for comparison between Pal-Myan and Skt-Dev स is given as {þa.}/ {þ}.

{a.ti.sha.}

p007c3-b00/ p013-061

• अतिशक्र [ ati-sakra ]
- a. surpassing Indra: -sobhin, a. more beautiful than Indra.
61) अतिशक्र (p. 13) ati-sakra surpassing Indra: -sobhin, a. more beautiful than Indra.

p007c3-b01/ p013-060

• अतिशक्वरी [ ati-sakvarî ]
- f. a metre (4 X 15 syllables).
60) अतिशक्वरी (p. 13) ati-sakvarî (4 X 15 syllables).

See my notes on • Poetic meter: Sanskrit & Western

p007c3-b02/ p013-059

• अतिशङ्कित [ ati-saṅkita ]
- pp. too much afraid of (ab.).
59) अतिशङ्कित (p. 13) ati-saṅkita too much afraid of (ab.).

p007c3-b03/ p013-058

• अतिशठ [ ati-satha ]
- a. very deceitful.
58) अतिशठ (p. 13) ati-satha very deceitful.

p007c3-b04/ p013-057

• अतिशय [ ati-saya ]
- a. eminent; better than (ab.); m. eminence; excess, plenty: in. or °--, more, very; -na, a. (î) excellent; -vat, a. excessive.
57) अतिशय (p. 13) ati-saya eminent; better than (ab.); m. eminence; excess, plenty: in. or °--, more, very; -na, a. (î) excellent; -vat, a. excessive.

p007c3-b05/ p013-056

• अतिशयित [ ati-sayita ]
- pp. surpassed; -tva, n. extraordinariness.
56) अतिशयित (p. 13) ati-sayita surpassed; -tva, n. extraordinariness.

p007c3-b06/ p013-055

• अतिशयिन्् [ ati-sayin ]
- a. excellent.
55) अतिशयिन्् (p. 13) ati-sayin excellent.

p007c3-b07/ p013-054

• अतिशयोपमा [ ati-saya‿upamâ ]
- f. exaggerated simile.
54) अतिशयोपमा (p. 13) ati-saya̮upamâ exaggerated simile.

p007c3-b08/ p013-053

• अतिशस्त्र [ ati-sastra ]
- a. surpassing weapons.
53) अतिशस्त्र (p. 13) ati-sastra surpassing weapons.

p007c3-b09/ p013-052

• अतिशात [ ati-sâta ]
- a. causing great joy.
52) अतिशात (p. 13) ati-sâta causing great joy. 

p007c3-b10/ p013-051

• अतिशायिन्् [ ati-sâyin ]
- a. surpassing.
51) अतिशायिन्् (p. 13) ati-sâyin surpassing.

p007c3-b11/ p013-050

• अतिशिथिल [ ati-sithila ]
- a. too loose; --fickle.
50) अतिशिथिल (p. 13) ati-sithila too loose;--fickle.

p007c3-b12/ p013-101

• अतिशिशिर [ ati-sisira ]
- a. very cool.
101) अतिशिशिर (p. 13) ati-sisira very cool.

p007c3-b13/ p013-100

• अतिशीघ्र [ ati-sîghra ]
- a. exceedingly swift.
100) अतिशीघ्र (p. 13) ati-sîghra exceedingly swift.

p007c3-b14/ p013-099

• अतिशीत [ ati-sîta ]
- n. excessive cold.
99) अतिशीत (p. 13) ati-sîta excessive cold.

p007c3-b15/ p013-098

• अतिशुद्ध [ ati-suddha ]
- pp. perfectly pure.
98) अतिशुद्ध (p. 13) ati-suddha perfectly pure.

p007c3-b16/ p013-097

• अतिशूर [ ati-sûra ]
- m. too great a hero.
97) अतिशूर (p. 13) ati-sûra too great a hero. 

p007c3-b17/ p013-096

• अतिशौच [ ati-sauka ]
- n. too great cleanliness.
96) अतिशौच (p. 13) ati-sauka too great cleanliness. 

p007c3-b18/ p013-095

• अतिश्रम [ ati-srama ]
= अ त ि श ् र म
- m. great fatigue; -slishta, pp. firmly attached, firmly united.
95) अतिश्रम (p. 13) ati-srama great fatigue; -slishta, pp. firmly attached, firmly united.

Contents of this page

{a.ti.Sa.} अतष

p007c3-b19/ p013-094

• अतिष्कन्द्् [ ati-shkánd ]
= अ त ि ष ् क न ् द ् ्
- f. overstepping.
94) अतिष्कन्द्् (p. 13) ati-shkánd overstepping.

p007c3-b20/ p013-093

• अतिष्ठत्् [ á-tishthat ]
- pr. pt. not remaining standing, not resting; withdrawing from (lc.).
93) अतिष्ठत्् (p. 13) á-tishthat not remaining standing, not resting; withdrawing from (lc.).

Contents of this page

{a.ti.þa.}

p007c3-b21/ p013-092

• अतिसक्ति [ ati-sakti ]
- f. great nearness of, extreme attachment to (in.); -mat, a. too much attached to (lc.).
92) अतिसक्ति (p. 13) ati-sakti great nearness of, extreme attachment to (in.); -mat, a. too much attached to (lc.).

p007c3-b22/ p013-091

• अतिसखि [ ati-sakhi ]
- m. great friend.
91) अतिसखि (p. 13) ati-sakhi great friend.

p007c3-b23/ p013-090

• अतिसंकट [ ati-samkata ]
- n. extreme density; great distress; -samkruddha, pp. very angry; -samkshepa, m. too great brevity; -samkaya, m. excessive accumulation, vast hoard; -samrambha, m. violent indignation.
90) अतिसंकट (p. 13) ati-samkata extreme density; great distress; -samkruddha, pp. very angry; -samkshepa, m. too great brevity; -samkaya, m. excessive accumulation, vast hoard; -samrambha, m. violent indignation.

p007c3-b24/ p013-089

• अतिसत्वरम्् [ ati-satvaram ]
- ad. very hastily.
89) अतिसत्वरम्् (p. 13) ati-satvaram very hastily.

p007c3-b25/ p013-088

• अतिसदय [ ati-sa-daya ]
- a. very compassionate.
88) अतिसदय (p. 13) ati-sa-daya very compassionate.

p007c3-b26/ p013-087

• अतिसदृश [ ati-sadrisa ]
- a. extremely like.
87) अतिसदृश (p. 13) ati-sadrisa extremely like.

p007c3-b27/ p013-086

• अतिसंतत [ ati-sam-tata ]
- pp. uninterrupted.
86) अतिसंतत (p. 13) ati-sam-tata uninterrupted.

p007c3-b28/ p013-085

• अतिसंधेय [ ati-sam-dheya ]
- fp. to be suppressed.
85) अतिसंधेय (p. 13) ati-sam-dheya to be suppressed.

p007c3-b29/ p013-084

• अतिसंनिधान [ ati-samnidhâna ]
- n. excessive nearness.
84) अतिसंनिधान (p. 13) ati-samnidhâna excessive nearness.

p007c3-b30/ p013-083

• अतिसमर्थ [ ati-samartha ]
- a. extremely able.
83) अतिसमर्थ (p. 13) ati-samartha extremely able.

p007c3-b31/ p013-082

• अतिसमीप [ ati-samîpa ]
- a. too near; -tâ, f. too great proximity.
82) अतिसमीप (p. 13) ati-samîpa too near; -tâ, f. too great proximity.

p007c3-b32/ p013-081

• अतिसंभोग [ ati-sambhoga ]
- m. great treat.
81) अतिसंभोग (p. 13) ati-sambhoga great treat.

p007c3-b33/ p013-080

• अतिसंभ्रम [ ati-sambhrama ]
- m. violent agitation.
80) अतिसंभ्रम (p. 13) ati-sambhrama violent agitation.

p007c3-b34/ p013-079

• अतिसरस [ ati-sarasa ]
- a. very palatable; more palatable than (ab.).
79) अतिसरस (p. 13) ati-sarasa very palatable; more palatable than (ab.).

p007c3-b35/ p013-078

• अतिसर्ग [ ati-sarga ]
- m. granting (a wish).
78) अतिसर्ग (p. 13) ati-sarga granting (a wish).

p007c3-b36/ p013-077

• अतिसर्पण [ ati-sarpana ]
- n. violent agitation.
77) अतिसर्पण (p. 13) ati-sarpana violent agitation.

p007c3-b37/ p013-076

• अतिसर्व [ ati-sarva ]
- a. more than complete; raised above all.
76) अतिसर्व (p. 13) ati-sarva more than complete; raised above all.

p007c3-b38/ p013-075

• अतिसविशङ्कम्् [ ati-savisaṅkam ]
- ad. with great anxiety.
75) अतिसविशङ्कम्् (p. 13) ati-savisaṅkam with great anxiety.

p007c3-b39/ p013-074

• अतिसहसा [ ati-sahasâ ]
- ad. too precipitately.
74) अतिसहसा (p. 13) ati-sahasâ too precipitately.

Contents of this page

UKT notes

Fricatives in BEPS

UKT 080704:

Skt-Dev (and Mon-Myan) Fricatives: Husher /ʃ/ {sha.}/ {sh}, Hisser /ʂ/ {Sa.}/ {S}, Sibilant /s/.

However, Skt-Dev (and Mon-Myan) Sibilant /s/ is pronounced as Thibilant /θ/ {þa.}/ {þ} in Eng-Lat (and Bur-Myan). This gives rise to a new class of basic consonants in BEPS, such as {spa.}, {sta.}, and {ska.}.

The 3 particular basic consonants are pronounced in English as single syllable, which uninitiated Burmese speakers pronounces a disyllable or polysyllables.

Ice-cream as {aik.sa.ka
Station as {sa.té-shín}
Spirit as {sa.pi-ric}

My solution to this problem is to train my students practice on /spa/ first. They learn this pronunciation easily because of the proximity of POA of /s/ and /p/. They are then made to pronounce /sta/. Only lastly they graduated to /ska/.

Go back Fricatives-BEPS-note-b

Contents of this page

Negation in English & Sanskrit vs. Burmese

UKT 130912, ..., 160515:

We will have to repeat the definition of {a.ti.} अति «ati» which is used as a prefix before many words. Wikipedia lists a number of prefixes, such as अति «ati»: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_and_Persian_roots_in_Hindi 130912, 160515

• अति- (ati-) , English equiv: "super- ". 
Etymology: अति (extremely, beyond, over). Hindi example: अतिकाल (atikāl) = delay

We note that {a.ti.} is a Tib-Bur word as found in Bur-Myan,
e.g., {a.ti.a.lïn:} 'plainly, openly' - MLC MED2006-559.
The syllable {a.ti.} is a prefix and must not be broken up into {a.} & {ti.}. It is pronounced with a schwa /əti/. Unlike {a.}, {a.ti.} does not imply a negation.
Pal: {a.ti.} - UHS PMD0028

  UKT from UHS: - prefix. excess, excessively, vehemently, prefix with the meaning of 'excess'. n. excess

Go back Negation-note-b

Contents of this page

Poetic meter: Sanskrit & Western

-- UKT 110720, 160521

meter 1  n. ¹. a. The measured arrangement of words in poetry, as by accentual rhythm, syllabic quantity, or the number of syllables in a line. b. A particular arrangement of words in poetry, such as iambic pentameter, determined by the kind and number of metrical units in a line. c. The rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. ². Music a. Division into measures or bars. b. A specific rhythm determined by the number of beats and the time value assigned to each note in a measure. See note at rhythm. -- AHTD 

In poetry, metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order. The study and the actual use of metres and forms of versification are both known as prosody. -- Google 160521

From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody 160521

Sanskrit prosody or Chandas refer to one of the six Vedangas, or limbs of Vedic studies. [1] It is the study of poetic metres and verse in Sanskrit. [1] This field of study was central to the composition of the Vedas, the scriptural canons of Hinduism, so central that some later Hindu and Buddhist texts refer to the Vedas as Chandas. [1] [2]

The Chandas, as developed by the Vedic schools, were notable for including both linear and non-linear systems. [3] The system was organized around seven major meters, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, called the "seven birds" or "seven mouths of Brihaspati", and each had its own rhythm, movements and aesthetics wherein a non-linear structure (aperiodicity) was mapped into a four verse polymorphic linear sequence. [3] [UKT ¶]

The structure of meters in Sanskrit prosody include those based on fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on fixed number of morae per verse. [4]

mo·ra n. pl. mo·rae or mo·ras ¹. The minimal unit of metrical time in quantitative verse, equal to the short syllable. [Latin pause] - ADTD
UKT 160521: Since "syllables" are traditionally measured in time taken to blink your eye (eye-blinks or blk), and the duration of a "short syllable" is 1 blk, we can take 1 mora (Latin term) to be equal to 1 blk (Magadha unit).

The Gayatri meter was structured with 3 verses of 8 syllables (6x4), [UKT ¶]

UKT 160521: The Gayatri has been taken to be the Old Védic form, whereas others belong to the classical Sanskrit period. I opine that Gayatri was Védic (Tib-Bur), whilst the later ones were developed by Sanskrit-speaking invaders belonging to IE (Indo-European). (Note the word "Aryan" because of its association with Hitler's Nazism has been avoided to the best of my ability.)

The Usnih with 2 verses of 8 and 1 of 12 syllables (7x4), the Anustubh with 4 verses of 8 syllables (8x4), Brihati with 2 verses of 8 followed by 1 each of 12 and 8 syllables (9x4), the Pankti with 5 verses of 8 syllables (10x4), the Tristubh with 4 verses of 11 syllables (11x4), and the Jagati meter with 4 verses of 12 syllables each (12x4). [5] In Vedic culture, the Chandas were revered for their perfection and resonance, with Gayatri meter treated as the most refined and sacred, and one that continues to be part of modern Hindu culture as part of Yoga and hymns of meditation at sunrise. [6]

Extant ancient manuscript on Chandas include Pingala's Chandah Sutra, while an example of middle ages Sanskrit prosody manuscript is Kedara Bhatta's Vrittaratnakara. [7] [note 1] The most exhaustive compilations of Sanskrit prosody contain over 600 metres. [10] This is a substantially larger repertoire than in any other metrical tradition. [11]

In most Western classical poetic traditions, the meter of a verse can be described as a sequence of feet, [1] each foot being a specific sequence of syllable types — such as unstressed/stressed (the norm for English poetry) or long/short (as in most classical Latin and Greek poetry).

Iambic pentameter, the most common meter in English poetry, is a sequence of five iambic feet or iambs, each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one (" da DUM" or {doak-doad} ).

UKT 160521: Search the internet with the string: "da dum of human heart beat". You'll see many articles explaining the iambic pentameter :

Edited from: Giorgio V. in Poetry Soup ,
- http://www.poetrysoup.com/article/iambic_meter_did_you_know_that_it_expresses_our_heartbeat-606 160521

Yes, it expresses the beat of our hearts!

Iambic meter is the more widely used meter in structured verse. The four variations of it are:
  - the Pentameter,
  - the Tetrameter,
  - the Hexameter, and
  - the Trimeter.

1. Iambic pentameter is a commonly used metrical line in traditional verse, and verse drama. The term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line. That rhythm is measured in small groups of syllables; these small groups of syllables are called "feet". The word "iambic" describes the type of foot that is used (in English, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable). The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet."

A standard line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row: most sonnets (English and Italian) are written in Iambic Pentameter.

2. Similarly, we may refer to Iambic tetrameter verse: a standard line of iambic tetrameter consists of four iambic feet in a row:

3. Another variation is the Iambic hexameter: a standard line of iambic hexameter consists of six iambic feet in a row.
It is a demanding form of Iamb and we use it when our theme requires longer, rhetorical lines.

3. Iambic trimeter is a meter consisting of three iambic units per line. The playful and fast rhythm this meter offers, is suitable for lyrics and light poetry.

da DUM   da DUM   da DUM

Example:

We romped until the pans
  Slid from the kitchen shelf;
My mother's countenance
  Could not unfrown itself.
- by Theodore Roethke

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter 140717

An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as:

da DUM   {doak-doad}

The da DUM of a human heartbeat - {doak-doad} - is the most common example of this rhythm.
A standard line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row:

The tick-TOCK rhythm of iambic pentameter can be heard in the opening line of Shakespeare's Sonnet 12:

When I   do count  the clock that tells  the time
da DUM   da DUM     da DUM    da DUM    da DUM

This approach to analyzing and classifying meters originates from ancient Greek tragedians and poets such as Homer (fl. 850 B.C.), Pindar (522?-443? B.C.), Hesiod (fl. 8th c. B.C.), and Sappho (fl. c. 600 B.C.) -- [dates from AHTD].

Note that some meters have an overall rhythmic pattern to the line that cannot easily be described using feet. This occurs in Sanskrit poetry; see Vedic meter and Sanskrit meter). (Although this poetry is in fact specified using feet, each "foot" is more or less equivalent to an entire line.) [UKT ¶]

UKT130814, 160521: I am like the proverbial water buffalo being entertained with harp music. Not appreciating the music the musician is gored by the beast. Not a beast, I tried learning about versification and meter in poetry. A dumb scientist, the word "meter" brings to my mind only a measure of length - about 36 inches.

The Vedic meter and Classical Sanskrit meter are different, because of which Vedic language is quite different from Classical Sanskrit of Panini. My eye-opener is the Gayatri Mantra which has a parallel in Buddhist Peacock Sutra.
¤ Listen to Mora Sutta by Mingun Sayadaw - bk-cndl-Mingun<)) (link chk 160521)
and Gayatri Mantra in Skt-Dev, the "Hindu equivalent" - bk-cndl-gayatri<)) (link chk 160521)

However, it also occurs in some Western meters, such as the hendecasyllable favored by Catullus [Roman poet Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca. 84–54 BC)] , which can be described approximately as " DUM-DUM-DUM-da-da-DUM-da-DUM-da-DUM-da", with some variation allowed in the first two syllables.

Meter in Sanskrit

Classical Sanskrit and Vedic Sanskrit use meters for most ancient treatises that are set to verse. Prominent Vedic meters include Gayatri, Ushnik, Anushtupa, Brhati, Pankti, Tristubh and Jagati. The basic meter for epic verse is the Sloka. [UKT ¶ ]

Sanskrit meter is quantitative, similar in general principles to classical Greek and Latin meter. The Bhagavad Gita is mainly written in anustupa (with some vasanta-tilaka sections) interspersed with some Tristubh. For example, when Krishna reveals his divinity to Arjuna the meter changes to Tristubh. Tristubh is the most prevalent meter of the ancient Rigveda, accounting for roughly 40% of its verses.

UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.

From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_meter 120919

Versification in Classical Sanskrit poetry is of three kinds. [1]

1. Syllabic verse (akṣaravṛtta): meters depend on the number of syllables in a verse, with relative freedom in the distribution of light and heavy syllables. This style is derived from older Vedic forms, and found in the great epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

Syllabic verse is a poetic form having a fixed or constrained number of syllables per line, while stress, quantity, or tone play a distinctly secondary role — or no role at all — in the verse structure. -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_verse 130227

2. Syllabo-quantitative verse (varṇavṛtta): meters depend on syllable count, but the light-heavy patterns are fixed.

3. Quantitative verse (mātrāvṛtta): meters depend on duration, where each verse-line has a fixed number of morae, usually grouped in sets of four.

Standard traditional works on meter are Pingala's Chandaḥśāstra and Kedāra's Vṛttaratnākara. The most exhaustive compilations, such as the modern ones by Patwardhan and Velankar contain over 600 meters. This is a substantially larger repertoire than in any other metrical tradition. [2]

UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.

Go back Poetic-meter-note-b

Contents of this page

End of TIL file