Update: 2020-05-29 11:25 PM -0400
MCpp-indx.htm
A compilation from:
1. A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell (Mac), 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
¤ Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
link: uchicago
¤ Skt-Doc Glossary online:
-
https://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall.html 190701
Downloaded (unedited) in TIL non-PDF & non-SD libraries,
Web-Archive section.
2. The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F.
Edgerton, pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200501)
3. Student's Pali-English Dictionary,
by Maung Tin (U Pe Maung Tin),
(UPMT-PED) in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
4. Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan) (UHS-PMD), by U Hoke Sein, 1954, with English translation by U
Kyaw Tun (UKT)
This dictionary in ink-on-paper form is in TIL research library at 35 Thantada
St., Sanchaung, Yangon, Myanmar.
UKT 200503:
The individual entries from all the above are being cut, and stored under a directory named CUTS, which will not be uploaded to the Internet. Because of this Internet version of this dictionary will have empty spaces.The TOC of this dictionary follows the Sonority Scale, from Consonants to Vowels
I've a sneaky suspicion that BHS, Nepali, and Burmese speeches are closely associated. I'll enter words from all the three into my dictionary to either reject or confirm my suspicion. I'll first concentrate on Nepali with words in Devanagari from:
• A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of Nepali Language by R L Turner (ref: Turn-Nepxxx ) - http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/ (link chk 160119)
Files from Univ. Chicago in TIL HD-nonPDF and SD-nonPDF libraries:
- Turn-NepalDict<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200328)
• I hope to include Latin into my compilation. But I may not live that long: I'm already a very old man, aged 86. However, I'm pinning my hope on the work of my assistants.
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar
Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL Research Station, Yangon,
MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
• Consonants
Velar, Palatal,
Retroflex, Dental,
Labial
• Approximants
Semi-consonants aka
Semivowels,
Fricatives (Sibilants & Thibilant)
Lisping-consonants,
H-deep, Aspirate, or
Silent-H
• Vowels
UKT notes :
• Argument for argument sake
•
Base consonants and vowels of BEPS
•
Doggie's Tale - copy-paste
•
What this dictionary is about
UKT 200426: This TOC is a collection from older TOCs of various groups of:
Consonants, Approximants, and Vowels each with their own notes. The notes
given here are a part from old notes. The remainder has been moved into a
separate file -
---- notes from the old file
• Hanging-on consonants
• Inherent vowel
•
Older form of Devanagari
•
Pseudo-Kha and Pseudo-Za
•
Rhotic sounds of Sanskrit
• Salient Points of
consolidated TOC
• Sanskrit and Pali roots: downloaded
•
The Velars - row #1 of the Akshara matrix
p000.htm : Introduction by UKT
contains old notes from various old TOCs. This page is with Vowels at present: to be moved to Consonants later.
Link to CUTS not available online:
¤ Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists (BHS) by F. Edgerton - Edger-indx.htm BHS-vol02-indx.htm
¤ Pali-Myanmar Dictionary for Buddhists by U Hoke Sein - UHS-indx.htm
UKT 200505: Since I'm inadequate in Pali to English translation, the above is to be checked with UPMT
¤ Student's Pali-English Dictionary,by Maung Tin (U Pe Maung Tin) - PMT-indx.htm
/
MC060-3.htm
MC060-4.htm
MC061-1.htm
MC061-2.htm
MC061-3.htm
MC062-1.htm
MC062-2.htm
MC063-1.htm
MC063-2.htm
MC063-3.htm
MC064-1.htm
MC064-2.htm
MC065-1.htm (new linking)
MC065-2.htm 
MC066-1.htm 
MC066-2.htm 
MC067-1.htm
MC067-2.htm 
MC068-1.htm
/
MC068-2.htm
MC068-3.htm
/
MC068-4.htm 
MC069-1.htm
MC069-2.htm 
MC070-1.htm 
MC070-2.htm
MC071-1.htm 
MC071-2.htm
MC071-3.htm
MC072.htm
MC072R.htm
MC073.htm
MC074.htm
MC074E.htm
MC075.htm
MC076.htm
MC076C.htm*
MC077.htm
MC077F.htm
MC078.htm
MC079-1.htm
MC079-2.htm
Nep* MC079-2B.htm
MC080.htm
UKT 200116: Nep*. I'll eventually have to include selections from Bur-Myan. However, I must first look into another Tib-Bur language that can be easily related to Sanskrit. Nepali is such a language because it uses Devanagari script. Refer to an excerpt from A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of Nepali Language by R L Turner (ref: Turn-Nepxxx )
- Turn-NepalDic-indx.htmUKT 190406: I've started to include Roots from Whitney, downloaded txt in TIL PDF libraries:
Single-page format - WDWhitney-RootsVerbFormS<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200115)
Double-page format - WDWhitney-RootsVerbFormD<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200115)
Whitney's work is intended especially as a Supplement to his Sanskrit Grammar (Leipzig, 1879). I'm including his work in Macdonell's Dictionary to serve me in my study of Sanskrit Grammar.UKT 190304: I'll have to note more on Repha and "Lepha" :
Repha-forms: Short-vowel Repha & Long-vowel Repha, and BEPS vowel-diagram:
Concentrate on the pages:
- MC063-2.htm (note on Repha and "Lepha")
- MC066.htm ({kaar~})
- MC085.htm ({gur~} &
{guur~})
MC081.htm
MC082-1.htm
MC082-2.htm
MC083.htm
MC084.htm
MC085.htm
MC085R.htm
MC086.htm
MC086E.htm
MC087.htm
MC087C.htm
MC088-1.htm
MC088-2.htm
Nep MC088-2B.htm
MC089.htm
MC090-1.htm
/
MC090-1B.htm : an additional page on
Nepali, to include Gna the semi-nasal.
The second section of p090, p090-2.htm, is on row#2 of Bur-Myan akshara. The first member of r2c1 is
{sa.}/
{c}. It is a Palatal-stop in Bur-Myan, which is pronounced as Palatal-affricate in Mon-Myan. Its neighbours are also pronounced as affricates. Since Sanskrit and Mon are close in pronunciation in row#2 aksharas, I have to include Affricates in the
- r2c1{Ca.}/
{C}; r2c2
{hca.}/
{hc}; r2c3
{ ja.}/ { j}
and safely write English <church> as{chaach} or
{chuuch}. However, at present I will leave the glyphs as they are --
,
-- but pronounce them as affricates when needed. See my note on Argument for argument sake
MC090-2.htm
MC091.htm
MC092.htm
MC093.htm
MC094.htm
MC095.htm
MC096-1.htm
MC097-2.htm
MC098.htm
MC099.htm
MC100.htm
MC101.htm
MC102.htm
MC103-1.htm
UKT 170808:: there is no page on either Nya-minor
/
, nor Nya-major
/
. The True-Za
{Za.} झ, ends here, followed by
{Ta.} ट on next page. The sources for missing aksharas are from Népali/Néwari-Dev and Bur-Myan.
See also Judson Burmese-English Dictionary,
¤ by R. C. Stevenson, Burma Commission, Govt. Printing Press, Rangoon, 1893
- RCStevenson-JudsonBurEngDict<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180531)
¤ by F. H. Eveleth, ed., ABM Press, Rangoon, 1921
- FHEveleth-JudsonBurEngDict<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180531)
MC104-2.htm
MC104-3.htm
MC104-4.htm
MC104-5.htm
MC104-6.htm
MC105.htm ,
MC106.htm ,
MC107.htm,
MC108.htm ,
MC109.htm
MC110.htm,
MC111.htm,
MC112.htm ,
MC113.htm ,
MC114.htm ,
MC115-1.htm ,
MC115-2.htm ,
MC116.htm ,
MC117.htm ,
MC118.htm ,
MC119.htm
MC120.htm ,
MC121.htm ,
MC122.htm ,
MC123.htm ,
MC124.htm , (cf. p124 to p072R.htm)
MC125.htm ,
MC126.htm ,
MC127.htm ,
MC128.htm ,
MC129-1.htm ,
MC129-2htm
MC130.htm ,
MC131-1.htm ,
MC131-2.htm ,
MC132.htm ,
MC133.htm ,
MC134.htm
,
MC135-1.htm
MC135-2.htm
,
MC136.htm ,
MC137.htm ,
MC138.htm ,
MC139.htm
MC140.htm ,
MC141.htm ,
MC142.htm ,
MC143.htm ,
MC144.htm
MC145.htm ,
MC146.htm ,
MC147.htm ,
MC148-1.htm‡,
MC148-2.htm,
MC149.htm
MC150.htm ,
MC151.htm ,
MC152.htm ,
MC153.htm ,
MC154.htm ,
MC155.htm ,
MC156.htm ,
MC157.htm ,
MC158.htm ,
MC159.htm
MC160.htm ,
MC161.htm ,
MC162.htm ,
MC163.htm ,
MC164.htm
MC165.htm
MC166.htm
MC167.htm
MC168.htm
MC169.htm
MC170.htm
MC171.htm
MC172.htm
MC173.htm
MC174.htm
MC175.htm
MC176.htm
MC177.htm
MC178.htm MC179.htm
MC180.htm
MC181.htm
MC182.htm
MC183.htm
MC184.htm
MC185.htm
MC186.htm
MC187.htm
MC188.htm MC189.htm
MC191.htm
MC192.htm
MC193.htm
MC194.htm
MC195.htm
MC196.htm
MC197.htm
MC198.htm
MC199.htm
MC200-1.htm
MC200-2.htm
MC201.htm
MC202.htm
MC203.htm MC204.htm
MC205.htm
MC206.htm
MC207.htm
MC208.htm
MC209.htm
MC210.htm
MC211.htm
MC212-1.htm
MC212-2htm
MC213.htm
MC214.htm
MC215.htm
MC216.htm
MC217.htm
MC218.htm MC219.htm
MC220.htm
MC221.htm
MC222.htm
MC223.htm
MC224.htm
MC225.htm
MC226.htm
MC227.htm
MC228.htm
MC229.htm
MC230.htm MC231.htm
MC232.htm
MC233.htm
MC234.htm
MC235.htm
MC236.htm
MC237-1.htm
UKT 200422: I've observed that, the way the killed approximant change the preceding vowel is not well known in Bur-Myan phonology, except
{ý} as in words like
{kèý};
{tèý};
{pèý}. An exception may be
{wa. þût)
{w} from the way we spell
{bo} and
{bol}: noting that
See also Dictionary of Pali-derived Myanmar words (in Bur-Myan) by U Tun Myint, p519-520.
UKT 200425: Thought lumped together, each --
{ya.},
{ra.}, {la.}, {wa.} -- is unique from the point of view of pronunciation. For instance,
{la.} depends highly on the shape of the tongue, and there can be many fine variations, such as
{lha.},
{lwa.},
{lhwa.}, etc. See my note on R
MC237-2.htm
MC238.htm
MC239.htm
MC240.htm
MC241.htm
MC242.htm
MC243.htm
MC244.htm MC245-1.htm
MC245-2.htm
MC245-3.htm: no entry in Mac - empty file
MC245-4.htm
MC246.htm
MC247-1.htm
MC247-2.htm : 12 entries in Mac
{yé} ये MC247-3.htm : 3 entries
{yè:} यै MC247-4.htm : no entry in Mac -
empty file
{yau:} यो MC247-5.htm
MC248-1.htm
{you} यौ MC248-2.htm : rhymes with English <how>
MC248-3.htm
MC249.htm
MC250.htm
MC251.htm
MC252.htm
MC253.htm
MC254.htm
MC255.htm
MC256.htm
MC257.htm
MC258.htm
MC259-1.htm
MC259-2.htm MC260.htm
MC261.htm
MC262.htm
MC263.htm
MC264.htm
MC265.htm
MC266-1.htm
UKT 191224:
{wa.}.
One reason for
व + diagonal --> ब
Even then, they could not pronounce bi-labial sounds and have to settle for labial-dentals. The reason is they cannot round their lips properly. They can get by with this defect until they came to the very closed vowel /i/ and
{wi.} (short vowel). They can only say «vi».
See p294-1.htm on{wi} changing into
{wRRi.} in p294-2.htm .
This defect also exist with the Tib-Bur in the opposite way, who can only say
MC266-2.htm
MC267.htm
MC268.htm
MC269.htm MC270.htm
MC271.htm
MC272.htm
MC273.htm
MC274-1.htm
MC274-2.htm
MC275.htm
MC276.htm
MC277.htm
MC278.htm
MC279-1.htm
MC279-2.htm
MC280.htm
MC281.htm
MC282.htm
MC283.htm
MC284.htm
MC285.htm
MC286.htm
MC287.htm
MC288.htm
MC289.htm
MC290.htm
MC291.htm
MC292.htm
MC293-1.htm
MC293-2.htm
MC294-1.htm
MC294-2.htm MC295.htm
MC296.htm
MC297.htm
MC298-1.htm
MC298-2.htm
MC299-1.htm
MC299-2.htm
MC300.htm
MC301-1.htm
MC301-2.htm
MC301-3.htm
MC301-4.htm
MC302.htm
MC303-1.htm
MC303-2.htm MC304-1.htm
MC304-2.htm
MC305-1.htm
MC305-2.htm
MC306.htm
MC307.htm
MC308.htm
MC309.htm
MC310-1.htm
MC310-2.htm
MC311.htm
MC312.htm
MC313-1.htm
MC313-2.htm
MC314.htm
MC315-1.htm
MC315-2.htm
MC315-3.htm
MC316.htm
MC317-1.htm
MC317-2.htm
MC318.htm
MC319.htm
MC320.htm
MC321.htm
MC322.htm
MC323.htm
MC324-2.htm
MC325.htm
MC326.htm 
MC327.htm 
MC328.htm 
MC329.htm
MC330.htm
MC331.htm 
MC332.htm 
MC333.htm
MC334.htm
MC335.htm 
MC336.htm
MC337.htm 
MC338.htm 
MC339.htm
MC340.htm
MC341.htm 
MC342.htm
MC343.htm 
MC344.htm
MC345.htm
MC346.htm
MC347.htm 
MC348.htm
MC349.htm
MC350.htm 
MC351.htm
MC352.htm 
MC353.htm 
MC354.htm
MC355.htm 
MC356.htm
MC357.htm
MC358.htm
MC359.htm
MC360.htm 
MC361-1.htm
{Ska.},
{Sta.},
{Spa.}, etc. UKT 200323: Before you begin the Lisping consonants, take a quick jump to
p369.htm
See how I discover the Lisping consonants: - https://www.tuninst.net/SED-MCvowcon/MC-BEPS-vow/MC-BEPS-vow.htm 200323
MC361-2.htm
MC362.htm
MC363.htm
MC364.htm
MC365.htm
MC366.htm
MC367.htm
MC368.htm
MC369.htm
MC370.htm
MC371.htm
MC372.htm 
MC373.htm 
MC374-1.htm
{ha.}
ह
MC374-2.htm
MC375.htm
MC376.htm 
MC377.htm 
MC378.htm 
MC379.htm
MC380.htm 
MC381.htm
MC382.htm
UKT 200422: I've observed that,
#1.{a.} as a prefix can signify negation, in which case I'll show it in red
{a.}.
#2.
{a.ti.},
{a.Di.},
{a.nu.},
{a.pa.},
{a.Bi.},
{a.wa.},
{U.pa.}, ... -- there are some 20
{U.pa.þa-ra.} "prefixes" -- is not a negation. (see UHS PMD0233c2) Also, when
#3. However, when the killed consonant is a nasal such as
{än} or
{kín:si:}, and
{n}, it can be a negation. The killed nasal usually changes the preceding vowel: -
Remember, I need to check my observations, before I can claim them as facts. See, Nasal Endings.
/
MC001-1.htm
MC001-2.htm
MC001-3.htm
MC001-4.htm
MC002.htm
MC003.htm
MC004.htm
MC005.htm 
MC006-1.htm
MC006-2.htm
MC007.htm
MC008.htm
MC009.htm
MC010.htm
MC011-1.htm 
MC011-2.htm
MC012.htm
MC013.htm
MC014.htm
MC015.htm 
MC016.htm 
MC017.htm 
MC018.htm
MC019.htm
MC020.htm
MC021.htm 
MC022.htm 
MC023.htm 
MC024.htm
MC025.htm 
MC026.htm 
MC027.htm 
MC028.htm
MC029.htm
MC030.htm 
MC031.htm 
MC032.htm 
MC033.htm 
MC034.htm
MC035.htm
MC036-1.htm
MC036-2.htm
MC037.htm
MC038.htm
MC039.htm
MC040.htm
MC041.htm
MC042.htm
MC043.htm
MC044-1.htm
MC044-2.htm*
MC045.htm 
MC046.htm
MC047-1.htm 
MC047-2.htm 
MC048.htm 
MC049.htm
MC050.htm 
MC051.htm 
MC052.htm 
MC053.htm 
MC054.htm
MC055-1.htm 
MC055-2.htm 
MC056-1.htm
MC056-2.htm
MC057-1.htm
MC057-2.htm
MC058.htm
MC059-1.htm
MC059-2.htm
MC059-3.htm
MC060-1.htm 
MC060-2.htm
p060-3.htm on {ka.} belonging to Consonants
UKT 200425: These notes are from an old file which I have written in very early days of my study of Sanskrit, and are in need of constant update.
¤ Plosive-stops ¤ Nasals ¤ Approximants
¤ Tenuis-Nasals-Approximants of Bur-Myan
• BEPS consonants : failure of IPA to represent them for everyday use
• Doggie's Tale - copy-paste
• Hanging-on consonants
• Inherent vowel
• Older form of Devanagari
• Pseudo-Kha and Pseudo-Za
• Rhotic sounds of Sanskrit
• Salient Points of consolidated TOC
• Sanskrit and Pali roots: downloaded
• The Velars - row #1 of the Akshara matrix
• What this dictionary is about
UKT 170706, 200425:
In English, Mon and Sanskrit, palatals
are pronounced as affricates. The cell
r2c5 is controversial with two contenders
nasal Nya'minor
{ña.}, and non-nasal Nya'major
Ancient intellectuals, mostly Brahmins
{poaN~Na:} (Buddhists as well as Hindus)
and modern ones and religionists, ever fond of controversy
and argument for its own sake*, wrote and
rewrote "history" and
"hagiography" of gods and
goddesses to suit their purposes. An example
being Mahabrahma
{ma.ha brah~ma.} : (excerpt from Wikipedia)
"Brahma, along with Vishnu and Shiva,
is part of a Hindu Trimurti; however, ancient
Hindu texts mention other trinities of gods
or goddesses which do not
include Brahma."
--
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma
170708
See also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_Shrine
170709.
UKT note 200419: Be careful
not to get mixed up in spelling
and rhotic pronunciation between "Brahmin"
{poaN~Na:} - who are humans. There is only one
"Brahma"
{bRah~ma} (rhotic pronunciation) the Axiomatic male god
of Hinduism (who has 4 faces and a mouth on each face). He has a wife. He
is sometimes known as "Maha Brahma"
{ma.ha bRah~ma}, and his wife is "Brahmi"
{bRah~mi}. He needs to have 4 faces with 4 mouths to constantly recite the 4
Vedas to his favourite Brahmin
{poaN~Na:}, who claim that they can hear the
{ma.ha brah~ma.} recite the Vedas. Unlike the Buddhist Brahmas
{brah~ma} (non-rhotic pronunciation), he doesn't need a separate world: he is
just a glorified "Deva" and resides in the Deva world
{dé-wa. lau:ka.} with his wife.
On the other-hand the Buddhist Brahmas
{brah~ma} (non-rhotic pronunciation) are neither males nor females and I suggest
that they not even have sex-organs. I prefer
to spell them
{brah~ma} (non-rhotic pronunciation). They occupy 20 planes of existence divided
into 2 kinds: Rupa
{ru-pa.} Brahma Loka
{brah~ma lau:ka.} (material worlds - world of Forms) 16 in number, and Arupa
{a.ru-pa.) Brahma Loka (immaterial worlds - such as Energy - Formless) 4 in
number.
*UKT 170709, 200419: I must admit being accused of being an argumentative individual myself!
See Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, first published Thu Feb 17, 2011; substantive revision Tue Feb 3, 2015 -
- https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ 200419
"The Buddha (fl. circa 450 BCE) is the individual whose teachings form the basis of the Buddhist tradition. These teachings, preserved in texts known as the Nikāyas or Āgamas, concern the quest for liberation from suffering. While the ultimate aim of the Buddha's teachings is thus to help individuals attain the good life, his analysis of the source of suffering centrally involves claims concerning the nature of persons, as well as how we acquire knowledge about the world and our place in it. These teachings formed the basis of a philosophical tradition that developed and defended a variety of sophisticated theories in metaphysics and epistemology."
[the following is a TOC under the above]
1. Buddha as Philosopher / 2. Core Teachings / 3. Non-Self / 4. Karma and Rebirth / 5. Attitude toward Reason
• Bibliography (Primary Sources / Secondary Sources)
• Academic Tools • Other Internet Resources • Related EntriesTIL PDF libraries have a copy of Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (SEP) - Book4You, with 6510 pdf-pages.
- StandfordEncyloPhilo<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 171127: broken link on 200419)
See: - https://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html 200419
Unfortunately, I could not find the above excerpt. What I found on "Buddha" is on p.6163-6164/6510 in section on "Comparative Philosophy, Chinese and Western" on p.6154/6510. I came on Incommensurability 'lacking a common quality on which to make a comparison' when we try to compare what the Buddha taught on Non-axiomatic Anatta in the face of the common notion of Axiomatic Atta beliefs. Atta stems from our false perception of indestructibly of ourselves even after death: at least something must survive death! What I've read:Samuel Fleischacker (1992) proposes a more moderate version of incommensurability -- sometimes we can understand others just well enough to know that we don't understand them. - p.6156/6510
What I found on "Buddha" , p.6163-6164/6510:
Our bodily attributes, various feelings, perceptions, ideas, wishes, dreams, and in general a consciousness of the world display a constant interplay and interconnection that leads us to the belief that there is some definite ‘I’ that underlies and is independent of the ever-shifting series. But there is only the interacting and interconnected series. This metaphysical concern, of course, had deep practical implications for the Buddha. It points toward the answer to human suffering, which ultimately stems from a concern for the existence and pleasures and pains of the kind of self that never existed in the first place.
Now let's back to our problem of r2c5 cell. Of the 2 contenders, Nya'major
{Ña.} and Nya'minor
{ña.} which is the rightful owner? Now, both are basic consonants, being stable
under Virama (or Viram for short)
{a.þût}. If what you take to be a consonant is just a medial or any other
conjunct - either horizontal (e.g.
{þ~þa.}) or vertical (e.g.
{k~ka.} - it will break down.
The problem of r2c5 cell is mainly due to how the IE speakers (English and
Sanskrit) pronounce the Palatal row r2. Whilst, Burmese speakers pronounce the
row as Palatal-stops aka Palatal plosive-stops, the IE speakers pronounce the row as
Palatal-affricates. This means that I'll have invent a set glyphs for
Palatal affricates which are now represented by Ya'pin
{ya.pín.} medials:
{kya.},
{hkya.},
{gya.}. I've invented a new set of corresponding glyphs,
{ca.},
{cha.},
{ja.} with the understanding that these will be used only when absolutely
necessary, to avoid upsetting the present custom of transcribing Burmese into
English with respect to
{sa.}
/s/. An added problem is between English and Sanskrit. Though Skt-Dev has
tenuis-voiceless, voiceless (vl) and voiced (vd) vowel sounds, Eng-Lat does not
have tenuis. Luckily Skt-Dev and Bur-Myan agree in having the tenuis.
I now realized another problem in transcribing English to Burmese. I must now
recognize the existence of Dental /s/ and /ʃ/. For /ʃ/ Bur-Myan has been using
medials such as
{þhya.} and
{rha.}. These are basic consonants in Skt-Dev. And there's no way of
transcribing English words like <sister>. The result is I have to invent another
basic consonant for Burmese: Dental-S
{Sa.}/
{S}. This is in addition to Palatal-S
{sa.}/
{c}.
Pali:
English speakers, following the Lankan
Theravada philologists, have difficulty
pronouncing Bur-Myan words with
{Ña.}/
{Ñ}, as in the words for
{né-præÑ-tau} 'capital of the country', and
{piñ~ña} 'knowledge, art, science, education'.
Go back argument-note-b
-- UKT 120526, ... , 171127, 200419
Definitions in BEPS:
1. The akshara in an ideal situation means a one-to-one correspondence between phoneme and grapheme. The marking on paper to represent the grapheme is a glyph.
2. Both consonants and vowels are pronounceable and are termed syllables. For example, a consonant,
3. Words in BEPS are of the canonical form CVÇ , where C is the onset , V the nuclear vowel, and Ç is the coda.
4. The consonant{t} त् , is mute.
5. Consonants can be joined together, vertically as well as horizontally as Conjuncts. In Bur-Myan a conjunct can be monosyllabic (one sound) when it is called a medial. e.g.
6. In Eng-Lat and Skt-Dev, conjuncts are usually disyllabic. Thus, [{k~ya.} /kəya/.
Note: Lack of proper definitions Bur-Myan makes my work impossible, and I'm trying to come up with a list of definitions such as the one shown here.
Watch and listen a video in Bur-Myan with
Pal-Myan words:{þûm~boad~Dé}
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYyTBTjW26E
140211
The first three lines from the video are given. You
can watch the video if you are on TIL research computer.
It is in TIL ~~HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in
Burma section:
-
ThanBoadDe<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180419)
Or just listen: it is under MCpp-indx.htm in SND
section:
ThanBoadDe<))
(link chk 200419)
The first two lines are in Pal-Myan, but the third
line is Bur-Myan and Pal-Myan integrated.
Columns #2 and #4 have been described as "aspirated", and an <h> is added to the names of the consonants. For example, (row#5), the columns are traditionally described as:
c1 - voiceless,
c2 - voiceless-aspirated,{hpa.} फ «pha»
c3 - voiced,
c4 - voiced-aspirated,
In my table shown here, I have named the columns differently removing the English notion of "aspiration". The notion of aspiration is best illustrated in the Cockney dialect of British English, where the <h> is dropped: "Henry Higgins" becomes 'enry 'iggins . This phenomenon has been caricatured by George Bernard Shaw (1856-1960) in his play Pygmalion with the principal character "Professor Henry Higgins" based on real-life phonetician Henry Sweet (1845-1912).
Listen and watch: Just you wait 'enry 'iggins':
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbdVvIbB1KU 140327
I am not satisfied with my description of column c4. I had called it "voiced pharyngeal" at one time because the POA seems to be way back in the throat - the pharynx. Since the pharyngeals are connected with IPA /h/, I am now calling it deep-H. I do not think it is a simple case of voice lag and aspiration.
My intermediary script, Romabama
{ro:ma.ba.ma}, has its beginnings in
I realized that I must have training in phonetics
and linguistics, but I was already advanced in age
to go back to school. I have to learn these subjects
online using my analytical skill as a scientist and
engineer. I was assisted by my wife Daw ThanThan Tun
who was also a chemist. She had been my classmate
and life-long companion since our teenage years,
until she died in 2004.
To come up with comprehensive glyphs, I have to improvised more than once, such as the one shown for Romabama glyphs in r2c4 cell.
My aim in integrating IPA into BEPS is to come up with a reliable transcription between Burmese and English speeches. What we are using now is transliteration, which many think is transcription.
I am finding that I cannot apply the IPA, and transcriptions such as /ç/ & /ʝ/ for palatal fricatives, and /ʂ/ & /ʐ/ for retroflex fricatives, are just tokens which are meaningless unless you are a trained phonetician. Moreover, they are non-ASCII - meaning not suitable for e-mail and internet.
For the fricatives, I have taken only /θ/, /s/,
/z/, /ʃ/ as pronounceable. The English affricates
/ʧ/ & /ʤ/ are not easy to articulate.
Moreover, Westerners are not capable of distinguishing
the tenuis
{ka.},
{sa.},
{ta.},
{pa.} from the voiceless
{hka.}/{Ka.},
{hsa.},
{hta.},
{hpa.}/{Pa.}.
One of the obstacles,
facing me, was to find a place for
Bur-Myan Nya'major
{Ña.}, & Nya'minor
{ña.}. I had push them into one cell r2c5. Until, I realized that
monosyllabic medials are found only in
Bur-Myan, and not in Skt-Dev, I could not
make any progress. When I looked into
Skt-Dev conjuncts closely I realized that
they are disyllabic conjuncts. I need to
come to this understanding to explain the
medial-conjunct problem in Pal-Myan, where Nya'major
{Ña.} is deemed to be the horizontal
conjunct of two Nya'minor
{ña.}:
¤ Pal-Myan:
¤ Bur-Myan
¤ Similar to
Then looking into the killed Bur-Myan Nya'major
{Ña.}, & Nya'minor
{ña.}, I found that killed Bur-Myan Nya'major
{Ña.} is almost the same as killed Ya'palak
{ya.}. This shows that Nya'major
{Ña.} is a non-nasal, and should be placed by the side of
{ya.}. To do this, I'vd to move Ya'palak
{ya.} to velar position, and make room for Nya'major
{Ña.} in the palatal position.
Most of the Westerners, such as French and Germans, are sibilant
speakers. However, English speakers are used
to non-hissing thibilant /θ/
sounds in words like <thin>
/θɪn/. Sanskrit speakers mix up this sound with /s/. Romabama has to
make allowances for all these conflicting patterns of sounds, and has to come up
with a compromise.
In order to present a comprehensive picture,
the IPA table itself has to be extended to
include, what the Westerners hear as
"aspirated sounds" - those of
c2 & c4 consonants such as
{hpa.} &
{Ba.} sounds shown below.
Now that I am including Mon-Myan into my study, I am putting in another perspective. My references for vocabulary in script and sound are given in my collection:
¤ Mon-Myan Language: Script - MonMyan-indx.htm (link chk 200426)
¤ Mon-Myan Language: Speech - spk-all-indx.htm (link chk 200426)
My attempt to include Mon-Myan is a failure because, BEPS languages are of the northern type and there are many similarities. Mon-Myan, on the other hand is the southern type, or more properly Aus-Asi (Austro-Asiatic) and differs markedly from both IE and Tib-Bur. Moreover, Mon basic aksharas have 2 kinds of inherent vowel, /a/ and /é/. And, I cannot speak Mon - the mother-tongue of my great grand-mother Daw Mè Ma .
Go back Base-con-vow-note-b
-- UKT 130613
Mnemonic: The Doggie Tale:
Little doggie cringe in fear --
ŋ (velar),
Seeing Ella's flapping ears --
ɲ (palatal)
And, the Shepard's hanging rear --
ɳ (retroflex).
Doggie so
sad he can't get it out
What's
that Kasha क्ष when
there's a Kha ख ?
And when
there's Jana ज्ञ what
am I to do with Jha झ?
On top of all there're husher Sha श /ʃ/ and hisser Ssa ष /s/,
when I am stuck with Theta स
/θ/ !"
Little Doggie don't be sad,
You are no worse than a Celtic Gnome
Losing G in his name, he is just a Nome!
Note to digitizer: you can copy and
paste the following:
Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū
Ḍ ḍ Ḥ ḥ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ
ḹ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ
Ṅ ṅ
Ñ ñ Ṇ ṇ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ
Ś ś Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ ɕ ʂ
• Instead of Skt-Dev ः {wic~sa.} use "colon" :
• Avagraha ऽ use apostrophe
• Root sign √ ; approx ≅
• IAST Dev: च «ca» छ «cha» श
ś [ɕ] /ʃ/ ; ष ṣ [ʂ] /s/; स s [s] /θ/ ;
ऋ {iRi.} & ॠ {iRi},
viram ् , rhotic ऋ ृ
• Skt-Dev special phonemes: Ksa
• Undertie in Dev transcription: ‿ U203F
• IPA-, Pali- & Sanskrit nasals: ŋ ṅ ṅ , ñ ñ , ɳ ṇ ṇ, n n n , m m m
Pali- & Skt {þé:þé:ting}: aṁ , aṃ
• IPA symbols: ɑ ɒ ə ɛ ɪ ɯ ʌ ʊ ʃ ʒ ʧ ʤ θ ŋ ɲ ɳ
ɴ ɔ ɹ ʔ /kʰ/ /ː/
<church> /ʧɜːʧ/ (DJPD16-097)
<success> /sək'ses/ (DJPD16-515)
<thin> /θɪn/ (DJPD16-535), <thorn> /θɔːn/
(DJPD16-535)
circumflex-acute :
ấ U+1EA5 , ế U+1EBF
upsilon-vrachy ῠ
small-u-breve ῠ ŭ
Go back Dog-tale-note-b
This dictionary is a learning tool for myself. However, it might be useful for
others. Macdonell's entries
in older form of Devanagari, are
cut into individual entries for ease of comparison to entries from other sources.
The scanned images from the
Univ. of Cologne, dictionary from the Univ. of Chicago and
ink-on-paper copy of Nataraj ed., have been indispensable for Sanskrit; F. Edgerton's, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
Grammar and Dictionary, and R. C. Childer's Pali dictionary form the linking
bridge from Pali or more properly Magadhi to Sanskrit. The downloaded pdf are in TIL HD-PDF
and SD-PDF libraries:
- FE-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 161231)
UKT 170111 to TIL editor: Bookmarks for entries
from FE-BHS must be standardized as per entries on
p001.htm .
Capitals for proper names are allowed, and diacritics removed.
The TOC is in Akshara order, which is very difficult to follow unless you know the Akshara matrices of vowels and consonants.
The intermediary language is
Romabama (Bur-Latin)
{ro:ma.ba.ma} based on Pali-Myanmar & Sanskrit-Myanmar. Romabama is based on
Bur-Myan phonology and is primarily aimed to aid transcription (pronunciation)
between spoken Burmese and spoken English languages.
Phonology is heavily based on the parent linguistic group. Thus Bama speech and Rakhine speech both belonging to Tib-Bur (Tibeto-Burman) linguistic-group, are mutually understandable, whereas Mon speech belonging to Austro-Asiatic (Aus-Asi) linguistic-group is mutually non-understandable. However, if the subject matter, for instance Pali of Buddhism, then you know the meanings of many words on hearing the pronunciation. A Bama-speaker can follow the Pali chant of a Mon Buddhist monk, or that of a Shan Buddhist monk. When aided by looking the written-script - the circularly-rounded Myanmar-script, the unifying instrument of Myanmarpré - there is more understanding. When looking the written Romabama which uses the Latin script of English, then you can even follow the chant of Sri Lankan monk. Now listen to the Five Precepts from the Sri Lanka monk - bk-cndl-LankaPali<)) .
For reference to Pal-Myan words, I rely on Pali-Myanmar Dictionary by U Hoke Sein (UHS-PMD, and The Universal Burmese-English-Pali Dictionary, (UHS-BEPD).
Go back what-about-note-b
End of TIL file
