Update: 2019-04-26 06:51 PM -0400
Sanskrit for Buddhists and Hindus
MC-indx.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
Edgerton's downloaded version is in TIL HD-PDF
and SD-PDF libraries.
UKT
to TIL editor 190412: Just open the PDF page and PrtScn, and paste to Paint,
and cut. It gives a width about 550 pix. Example: save as 550 pix with bkmark:
"p001c2-akalmasa" (ignore diacritics on ā and ṣ). Save it in ~~CUTS.
However, enter it as:
BHS: «akalmāṣa» - adj. pure (lit. not variegated) -
Edgerton001c1
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
I'm turning this dictionary into a learning tool for myself. I use the scanned pages from the University of Cologne, and the digitized copy from the University of Chicago. This TIL version is finally checked with the ink-on-paper copy of Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012. Caveat: Macdonell, and his contemporaries use the older form of Devanagari script, and the conjuncts are stacked as in Pal-Myan.
The TOC is in Akshara order, which is very
difficult to follow unless you know the
Akshara matrices of vowels and consonants.
The intermediary language is Romabama
{ro:ma.ba.ma} based on Bur-Myan phonology. An added problem is due
to Macdonell's use of the older form of Devanagari script. The Indologists
contemporary to Macdonell used an older form of Devanagari script.
• See the list of Supporting dictionaries
UKT 171129, 180702, 181203: To find the relation between Bur-Myan, Pal-Myan and Skt-Dev, words should be carefully spelled out. Giving only English transcription has hindered my understanding of such words, such as ¤ BEPS basic akshara
{Shpa.} --> स्फोट
TIL HTML editor 180630: For BHS bookmarks, the following convention is used:
1. m - usual m; [m°] - ṃ
2. s - usual s; [s°] - ṣ ; [s¹] - ś :- e.g. «aṃśa» - [am°s¹a]
UKT 180511: What does the glyph
{a.} represent? In Eng-Lat script, a represents the vowel /a/ without specifying the vowel-duration. It could be either
{a} 2 blnk. It could also be the negation of something. However, the negation in Bur-Myan is not
{ma.}.
UKT 190424: Too preoccupied with ourselves, our modern problems, and thinking highly of ourselves, we have a low opinion of the ancient world and know next to nothing of our fore-parents, their cultures and their languages from which we have evolved. Pali, Sanskrit, and Vedic languages were our heritage and we should know something of them before we begin our study of Sanskrit speech written in Devanagari script.
¤ Introduction by UKT - MC-intro.htm (link chk
190423)
- Preface to Macdonell's (MC) dictionary, Scanned pages -
MC-pre1.htm / MC-pre2.htm (link chk 190423)
A PDF version with limited number of pages is in
TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries
- AAMacDonell-SktEngDict<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk190423)
¤ Sanskrit and Vedic, from A History of Sanskrit Literature, by A A
Macdonell, 1900 - VedicSkt.htm (link chk 190423)
¤ A Glossary of Sanskrit words, from Sanskrit Documents - Glossary.htm
(link chk 190422)
¤ Nighantu and Nirukta: Buddha's anti-Brahmanism
-
nirukta.htm - update 2018Oct
UKT 180922: Vowels under
-
MCv1pp-indx.htm - update 2019Apr
UKT 190420: Previously, the Vowels, up to p044, were taken to be in good shape
until I realized that VOW-AK folder, and AK folders of individual page were
becoming unmanageable to due a large number of redundancy. It was then I decided
to group all AKs into various AK-BNKs. I'm now in the process of cleaning up the
vowel folders and they will be all, as a group, in a mess.
- Consolidated - v1 {þa.wuN} , v2 {a.þa.wuN}
Check the following which were once part of MCv-indx.htm .
¤ Vowels in general - Human Voice - MC-acoustics.htm (link chk 160110)
¤ Ancient Langauages: BEPS & Georgian - MC-anci-lang.htm (link chk 160110)
¤ Comparison of Skt-Dev, Eng-IPALatin, and Bur-Myan vowels - MC-BEPS-vow.htm (link chk 160110)
UKT 171125: Consonants under -
MCc1pp-indx.htm -
update 2019Apr
- Consolidated - r1
{ka.} क , r2
{sa.} च , r3
{Ta.} ट , r4
{ta.} त , r5
{pa.} प
UKT 181209: Approximants under -
MCa1pp-indx.htm -
update 2018Dec
- Consolidated
¤ Semi-consonants 
{ya.} य,
{ra.} र,
{la.} ल,
{wa.}
व - from old MCa/ MC-c61 signifying row#6-column#1
¤ Fricatives
{sha.} श,
{Sa.} ष,
{þa.}
स - from old MCa/ MC-c65 signifying row#6-column#5
¤ H-deep
{ha.} - from old MCa/ MC-c72 signifying row#7-column#2
UKT 181210 - The setup of old MCa was as follows - MCa-indx.htm - update 2014Dec
¤ p237-2-p305.htm - MC-c61-indx.htm - emptied into MCa1pp-indx.htm
¤ p306-p374 - MC-c65-indx.htm - emptied into MCa2pp-indx.htm
¤ p375-p382 - MC-c72-indx.htm - emptied into MCa3pp-indx.htm
Everything from old MCa was deleted. None of the above links will work.
• On script
- MCscript-indx.htm
- update 2018Aug
UKT to TIL editor 170827: The following are in
txt-in-single-file form. If any are to be expanded,
separate it as a nested folder. Contains:
¤ Preface,
¤ Scanned pages,
¤ Digital online Univ Chicago version,
¤ Glossary,
¤ Nepali Dictionary,
¤ Language comparison and
roots of languages being compared
¤ Hand-written Skt-Dev Akshara
¤ HD-nonPDF:
LearnSktOnline-GrammTerms<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
¤. In HD-PDF:
KVAbhyankar-DictSktGramm<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
¤ Mahayana texts from website
http://www.ishwar.com/buddhism/holy_mahayana_texts/
171212
• On speech - Remember Skt-Dev sounds
belonging to IE languages, and Pal-Myan (&
Bur-Myan) sounds belonging to Tib-Bur languages
are entirely different. For example, listen to
the pronunciation of Skt-Dev
niroakta<))
Its equivalent in Pal-Myan is
{ni.roak~ta.}.
Concentrate on the closing sound. It is त
occupying r4c1 of the akshara-matrix, the same
place as
.
However how does त sound? Is it
/ta./,
/té./ or
/tè./, or something entirely different ? I will
have to say "entirely different".
UKT notes :
• Supporting dictionaries
• Doggie's Tale :
copy and paste
• Indology :
forget the fairy-tales
•
My own thoughts and my inspiration :
never bow down - look up to the stars
• Nirukta
{ni.roat~ta} : Listen to Skt-Dev
BkCnd-VIDEO<))
¤ Vowel letters in
Bur-Myan and Skt-Dev
¤
Checking the Bur-Myan vowels
•
Pronunciation of Skt-Dev Basic Aksharas
• Sonority hierarchy
• Sounds and Shapes
• Digital online dictionary from Univ. Chicago
-
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/
• Roots and Verb-forms
in Sanskrit, by W. D. Whitney, 1885.
Downloaded txt in TIL PDF
libraries:
Single-page format -
WDWhitney-RootsVerbFormS<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 171229)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar dictionary, by U Hoke Sein (in Pal-Myan), Min. of
Religious Affars, Govt. of Burma, first print 1954, pp1180 - (UHS-PMD) ,
•
The Universal Burmese-English-Pali Dictionary, by U Hoke Sein, - (UHS-BEPD)
• Benfey Skt-Eng Dictionary, 1866, in PDF
-
TBenfey-SktEngDict<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180112)
Ref. as "Benfey" - no page numbers
in Google e-book from which the PDF is copied
• Online Sanskrit Dictionary , February 12, 2003 .
-
http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall.pdf 090907, 110504, 140805
-
http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall_unic.html 110810, 140805
Downloaded files in TIL HD-PDF & SD-PDF libraries
-
SktDoc-OnlineSktDict<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
(link chk 181217)
It has been suspended to concentrate on Macdonell's. I'll be merge the two
eventually. The link to my suspended work is:
- SED-indx.htm (link chk 181217)
UKT 181213: Similar to Macdonell's entries, BHS entries are also stored in a dedicated folder, ~~CUTS. They are not to be uploaded to the Internet. However, U Hoke's Sein's entries have to be uploaded to the Internet. I'm toying with the idea of forming BANKs for the UHS similar to AK-BNKs. They would be named UHS-BNKs.
• A Dictionary of the Pali Language, by
R.C. Childers, reprint 2007 available in TIL
library in Research Center in Yangon.
The above as downloaded text from 1875 ed. in
TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
RCChilders-PaliLangDict<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180701)
• Buddhist Dict. of Pali Proper names
-
http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/dic_idx.html (link chk 190127)
Go back Supporting-dictionaries-note-b
-- UKT 130613
Mnemonic
The Doggie Tale:
Little doggie cringe in fear -- ŋ (velar),
Seeing Ella's flapping ears -- ɲ (palatal)
And, the Shepard's hanging rear -- ɳ (retroflex).
Doggie so sad he can't get it out
What's that Kasha क्ष
when there's a Kha ख ?
And when there's Jana ज्ञ
what I am to do with Jha झ?
On top of all there're husher and hisser, Sha श /ʃ/ and Ssa ष /s/,
when I am stuck with Theta स
/θ/ !"
Little Doggie don't be sad,
You are no worse than a Celtic Gnome
Losing G in his name, he is just a Nome!
Note to digitizer: you can copy and
paste the following:
Ā ā ă ấ Ē ē ĕ ế Ī ī ĭ Ō ō
ŏ Ū ū ŭ ː
Ḍ ḍ Ḥ ḥ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ
ḹ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ
Ṅ ṅ
Ñ ñ Ṇ ṇ ɴ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ
Ś ś Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ ɕ ʂ
Book marks: * star, † dagger (alt0134), ‡ double dagger (alt0135).
Bur-Myan: for {gna.}-onset use c ċ (U010B) - unfortunately ċ is non-ASCII
• Instead of Skt-Dev ः {wic~sa.} use "colon" :
• Avagraha ऽ use apostrophe
• Repha spelling: exemplified by
¤ dharma: ध र ् म
--> धर्म
¤ spota: ष ् प र ् श ा ः
--> ष्पर
• Root sign √ ; approx ≅
• IAST Dev: भ आ इ ई उ ऊ
ऋ ऌ ऍ ऎ ए ऐ
ऑ ऒ ओ औ
च «ca» छ «cha» श
ś [ɕ] /ʃ/ ; ष ṣ [ʂ] /s/;
स s [s] /θ/ ;
ऋ {iRi.} & ॠ {iRi},
viram ् , rhotic ऋ ृ
• Skt-Dev Row #3: ट ठ ड ढ ण ;
conjunct ट ् ठ
= ट्ठ
• IAST Dev: Repha & Viram-position, e.g. तर्ज «tarj» [ targ ] = त र ् ज
• Skt-Dev special phonemes: Ksa क ् ष
= क्ष
• Undertie in Dev transcription: ‿ U203F
• Using ZWNJ (ZeroWidthNonJoiner), e.g. ,
क्ष
(code: क्‌ष)
See Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner 150630
• IPA-, Pali- & Sanskrit nasals: ŋ ṅ ṅ ,
ɲ ñ ñ , ɳ ṇ ṇ, n n n , m m m
Pali- & Skt {þé:þé:tín}: aṁ , aṃ
• IPA symbols:
ɑ ɒ ə ɛ ɪ ɯ ʌ ʊ ʃ ʧ ʤ θ ŋ ɲ ɳ
ɴ ɔ ɹ ħ ʔ /ˌ / /ʰ/ /ʳ/ /ː/
<king> /kɪŋ/ (DJPD16-300)
<kick> /kɪc/ (DJPD16-299 gives /kik/) and <kiss> /kɪs/ (DJPD16-301)
<church> /ʧɜːʧ/ (DJPD16-097)
<success> /sək'ses/ (DJPD16-515)
<thin> /θɪn/ (DJPD16-535),
<thorn> /θɔːn/
(DJPD16-535)
circumflex-acute :
ấ U+1EA5 , ế U+1EBF
upsilon-vrachy ῠ
small-u-breve ῠ ŭ
• Subscripts: ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ : CO₂
Go back Dog-tale-note-b
-- UKT 140831, 150703, 170326:
When you study Indology, you will come
across many unexpected things, such as
in a Hindu-religionist story on the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Lord Chaitanya
(18 February 1486 – 14 June 1534):
http://krishna.org/lord-chaitanya-defeats-the-buddhists/
- 140216, 140831, 150703 . He was considered to be Kishna himself.
See also Wikipedia:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu
150703
Curiously, he was born 449 years before I was
born on 18 Feb 1935, Monday just before the
Moon became full.
Bur-Myan Buddhists - one group in my target audience - should be prepared for such stories, noting that Skt-Dev is just a language and that you must be able to treat it like any other language free from biases of the religionists.
From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indology 130509
Indology is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent (most specifically the modern-day states of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal), and as such is a subset of Asian studies.
Indology may also be known as Indic studies or Indian studies, or South Asian studies [UKT: differentiate from South-East Asian (SE-Asian) studies], although scholars and university administrators sometimes have only partially overlapping interpretations of these terms.
The term Indology or (in German) Indologie is often associated with German scholarship, and is used more commonly in departmental titles in German and continental European universities than in the anglophone academy. In the Netherlands the term Indologie was used to designate the study of Indonesian history and culture in preparation for colonial service in the Dutch East Indies.
Specifically, Indology includes the study of Sanskrit literature and Hinduism along with the other Indian religions, Jainism, Buddhism and Pāli literature, and Sikhism. [UKT ¶]
Dravidology is the separate branch dedicated to the Dravidian languages of South India. What we meant by Indology is specifically called the Classical Indology dealing with Pali and Sanskrit and various forms of religion. It is to be differentiated from Modern Indology, is focussed on contemporary India, its politics and sociology.
Systematic study and editorial activity
of Sanskrit literature is possible
with appearances of works such as:
1. the St. Petersburg Sanskrit-Wörterbuch
- 1850s to 1870s.
2. the Sacred Books
of the East - beginning 1879.
3. Pāṇini's grammar by
Otto von Bohtlingkappeared - 1887.
4. Rigveda by Max Müller - 1849–75.
5. Bibliotheca Buddhica by Sergey Oldenburg
- 1897.
Take note of timeline in Myanmarpré: Anglo-Burmese
Wars: 1st. 1824, 2nd. 1852, 3rd. 1885
UKT 130511: Macdonell has stated in his Preface MC-pre2.htm (link chk 160222)
in connection with Transliteration :
- MCscript-indx.htm > MC-pre2.htm"The system is that which has been adopted in the 'Sacred Books of the East,' and already followed by me in my edition of Professor Max Müller's Sanskrit Grammar. Had I been guided exclusively by my own judgment I should have preferred c
{sa.} and j
{za.} to represent the hard and the soft palatal".
UKT: more in the Wikipedia article.
Go back Indology-note-b
-- UKT120904, 140831, 160222
I have been asked by many why at this old age I have become a linguist after retirement from a life time of a university chemistry teacher which I had shared with my now departed wife Daw Than Than aka Mrs. Than Than Tun.
Retirement years as an old man physically handicapped to some extent are not the golden years as have been popularly imagined. Ordinarily I would have been treated even by my own children as a senile old man who has outlived his usual years as a human being. Luckily my love for my birth country Myanmarpré and its language Bur-Myan (Burmese speech in Myanmar) script have come to my rescue.
My love for Bur-Myan and my attempts to write it out on my father's English typewriter has been dormant all along in my life since my pre-teen days in the 1940s (before Burmese typewriters came on scene). The resulting script, Romabama, is thus not a Johnny-come-lately in my old age because I have nothing else to do. However, Romabama in its present form, was launched only in the late 1990s on the Internet from Canada, after both my wife and I had become Canadian citizens because of which our meagre service pension for serving in the Myanmar universities for over 33 years have been discontinued.
To
be able to bring my beloved Myanmar script to
the world's attention, and to try to
"unify" BEPS (Burmese, English, Pali,
& Sanskrit spoken languages written in
Myanmar, IPA-English, & Devanagari scripts)
have been my reward. To be able to continue
with this study for these many years is because
of the encouragements I have received from
achievers in life . The following
is one:
From a news report by Nick Collins, Science Correspondent, The Telegraph, 120110. Nick Collins wrote about Professor Stephen Hawking on his 70th birthday. Professor Hawking is the one who had been diagnosed 50 years ago, to live only five years.
"Prof Hawking reflected on his life as a "glorious time to be alive" and said he was happy to have made a "small contribution" to our understanding of the universe.
"He concluded: "Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist.
" 'Be curious. And however difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at. It matters that you don't just give up.' "
See also Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking 140831
Go back thoughts-inspiration-note-b
- UKT 150429, 170121, 180702, 180717, 190417:
After studying the sounds and shapes of the aksharas - not letters of alphabet - I am beginning to form an opinion that there is an underlying reason for the single-circle and double-circle in the Bur-Myanmar matrix:
Taking a cue from the column#2 of Asoka akshara of row#3, and the corresponding
akshara of row#4, the perfect circle and a circle with a blemish inside, and a
second cue is from the Sa'ma Le'loan Inn
{sa.ma.lé:loän: ín:} aka
{sa.Da.ba.wa. ín:}.
Perfection is represented by a full circle. Thus a perfect character, a cherished aim of all men such as the Gautama Buddha, is represented by a full circle.
To
write the Myanmar aksharas into the frames of an
{ín:} to give "life and power"
to it you must not lift the stylus from the substrate which may be a sheet of
metal such as silver or gold, a blade of palm leaf, or an potsherd. While moving
the stylus deliberately and slowly, you must recite the Mantra "formula"
- a message, a command to all unseen entities, such as gods and
goddesses, down to the lowest ghost and devils. You
will write clock-wise as shown.
The message is not a hymn to them. You do not pray to them. You command
them to do your bidding as par message of the Mantra. You as a Buddhist is
above all to these gods and goddesses, and because of these Mantras they are
literally your servants. An
{ín:}
constructed in such a way has become an implement or a Yantra .
Now, who wrote all these Mantras. First, they are some ten ancient Védic Rishis respected by Buddha himself. But then there are others who wrote Mantras. There are both good and evil messages, and the King of Heaven Indra himself is afraid of these humans and is always on the lookout to destroy them before they become powerful enough to write powerful Mantras.
The meaning of the Sa'ma Le'loan Inn
{sa.ma.lé:loän: ín:} is:
First: all men and women are born with wrong intentions and views such as
"Greed", "Anger", undue indulgence in "Sex", and "Self Conceit". These are the
imperfections of the Heart. It is a circle with an imperfection, a dent in the
circle on the left where your heart resides.
Second: try to become perfect, and you'll come to realize you are still left
with an imperfection - the uncontrolled Sexual desires. These reside in your
sexual organs at the lower end of your body.
Third: strive again for perfection. You are still left with imperfection
of thinking which resides in your head. It is represented by a dent on the top
side of the circle.
Final: put in more effort. Then you become perfect: a full circle.
You'll notice that Buddha and his Arahats would be the first and foremost
achievers of Perfection. Their quality is the ability to face calamities of life
with calmness. They may or may not survive, but remain calm. The Sa'ma Le'loan Inn
{sa.ma.lé:loän: ín:} is an instrument of protection from danger, or at
least makes you calm .
The above explanation of Sa'ma Le'loan Inn
{sa.ma.lé:loän: ín:} is my own. Each
{ín:}
comes to have "life and power" because of the message it conveys if the person
casting it (the caster), either a man or woman, has sufficiently prepared
himself. The caster must a clear concentrated mind by fasting, abstaining from
sex, and intoxicating, for a few days. Of course he must already know the Mantra
written by some Rishi.
Above I've shown that Bur-Myan aksharas must be pronounced as clearly as
possible to convey a message.
Coming back to the Burmese-Myanmar aksharas, you'll notice that in the first two
columns:
row#5 is represented by single-cicles: {pa.} /p/ --> {hpa.} /pʰ/
(usually difficult to pronounce)
row#4 is represented by double-circles: {ta.} /t/ --> {hta.} /tʰ/
(easier to pronounce)
row#1 & row#2 taken together is represented by
double-circle {ka.} /k/ --> single-circle {hka.} /kʰ/ -->
single-circle {sa.} /c/--> double-circle {hsa.} /cʰ/.
At present, I can only note that there is something intriguing to the above
relations. I need to observe more.
Because of mispronunciation of the non-hissing dental-fricative thibilant /θ/ as hissing dental sibilant /s/ by the Sanskrit-speakers, and the reliance of the European philologists on them for the pronunciation of the Bur-Myan phonemes, a considerable number of Burmese words came to have wrong transliterations leading to wrong transcriptions, and wrong interpretations.
• In Pal-Myan and Bur-Myan,
{än} has the same pronunciation as
{na.}/
{n} :
{ûn}. However, the transcription has been /ɪn/ which sounds like
{ ín}. Thus the name of the robber-turned-saint Angulimala came to be different in Pali-Myan and Pali-Lat.
• Some phonemes came to be spelled with repha, e.g. p017.htm & p018.htm .
• In Skt-Myan,
{ûm}.
• The entries in FE-BHS are in English transcription which can be confusing between various authors of different dictionaries. My solution is to use Devanagari script with help from other sources.
• The three nasals, the velar, palatal, and the reflex are the most difficult to pronounce. The most difficult, because of its absence in Eng-Lat, and Skt-Dev, is the r1c5 phoneme
{gna.}/
{ng}, with IPA transcription /ŋ/ (velar). In Eng-Lat transcription of Bur-Myan in BEPS, it is spelled with <gna> in the onset, and <nga> in the coda. It is non-nasal in the onset, and nasal in the coda earning the name of semi-nasal to differentiate it from true nasals like
• There are no words in Eng-Lat, Skt-Dev, and Pal-Myan, that begins with
{gna:}, and in Nep-Dev it is equivalent to
{gna}.
Remember not to bring in Mon-Myan to solve the problem of{ng~ra.} with a hanging
• There are two contenders for the second nasal (palatal), r2c5, because of mixing stops, affricates and approximants. Bur-Myan has no affricates, whereas Eng-Latin, and Skt-Dev has affricates. The two contenders for r2c5 are Nya-major
{Ña.}/
{Ñ}, and Nya-minor
{ña.}/
{ñ} row#2. The shapes of the two glyphs clearly show that they are related. Since Nya-minor belongs to the class of single-circle it and its derivatives are difficult to pronounce, whereas the pronunciations of Nya-major and its derivatives belonging to double-circle class is easy to control. Unfortunately, as far as I know Bur-Myan is the only language that has a phoneme like Nya-major, and I've no way of comparison in other languages. Comparatively, r1c5
We are taking note of the following observations:
#1. In Pali-Myan (which is well integrated into Bur-Myan),{piñ~ña} 'knowledge, education'. This shows that Nya-major has some nasal properties like
#2. Position-wise, Nya-minor
#3. Comparison of{tèý} and
{tæÑ} shows that Nya-major has no nasality but only friction. Therefore
Remember this is a Sanskrit Dictionary. I am just attempting to give Skt-Myan spellings and their transcriptions in Romabama to help you to learn written Sanskrit. When learning to speak Sanskrit you'll have to use Sanskrit phonology which you can get from one who speaks Sanskrit.
Go back sounds-shapes-note-
----- the following are from the old format. They will be incorporated into the
above,
or moved to BEPS-indx.htm
BEPS-indx.htm and its nested files
For the opening sound, the Sonority Scale is a help, but the closing sound is always a problem. Relying on spelling is entirely useless, especially for the velar, palatal, and retroflex words. They are absent in Eng-Lat, and unreliable in Skt-Dev.
The palatal sounds are the most problematical because of their fricative
tendencies and because for Pal-Myan
{þa.}
/θ/, there are three in Skt-Dev श /ʃ/ ; ष /S/; स /s/.
Note:
/S/ & /s/ are my way of showing two very closely related sounds which are
almost the same.
Now listen to the Skt-Dev vowel and consonant sounds from Lakshyā Yoga
- SktAlphLY<)) (link chk 171126)
Look at the akshara alphabet chart.
On the right side are the
vowels. Most of them has a short (1 eye-blink) and a long (2 eye-blink) version.
And on the left side 25 consonants. And then 5 semi-consonants
semivowels. And 3 Sibilants: the husher, the hisser, and fricative s.
We, Tib-Burmans, pronounce the last one as thibilant as in English <thin>,
however in Skt-Dev it is a sibilant.
The place of pronunciation aka POA (place of articulation)
Don't try to unify the sounds. You'll get a failing grade. Just remember what Gautama Buddha said to his monks 'you are permitted to spread my words in the vernacular of the audience':
His disciple monk, Shin Kic'si, came up with his motto:
UKT 171208, 180326: The postulate of Shin Kic'si
{shin kic~sæÑ}: "The signification is known by akshara" was highly approved by the Gautama Buddha, who then declared his disciple monk as the greatest "grammarian".
See my note on this postulate on p077F.htm (link chk 180325)
The motto is also in Mason-Mazard, p036 in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries.
- FMasonMazard-KicsiPali<Ô> / bkp<Ô> (link chk 171224)UKT 180403: Notice how the syllable
{té} ते is written in scripts of Pali-Myan, Engl-Lat, and Skt-Dev. The order (by position) of vowel glyph
{þa.wé hto:} - written as
), and the consonant
Pali-Myan: vowel (left) - consonant (right):
Engl-Latin: consonant (left) - vowel (right): te
Skt-Dev: vowel (above) - consonant (below): तेIn BEPS-Myan, vowel glyph Tha'we'hto
- MJenny-IntroMonLang<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180403)
He realizes that the meaning is more important
than correct pronunciation. Just because
spelling is the same don't imagine the pronunciation
would be the same. An illustration is the difference
in Bur-Myan r2 row
{sa.},
{hsa.},
{za.},
{Za.},
{Ña.}, and Mon-Myan r2 row:
- bk-cndl-{sa.}-row<)) : Mon-Myan pronounce
{sa.} as /
{kya.}/ which necessitates the invention of a new glyph for Mon-Myan:
{sa.}-Mon
UKT 170114: Bookmarks for entries from FE-BHS must be standardized as per entries on p001.htm .
Capitals for proper names are allowed, and diacritics removed.UKT 170418: Some Macdonell's entries are very large. These are broken into individual entries for comparing with entries from other sources. There are two kinds of marks: ¶ and ©
Mark ¶ : Cutting very large grouping into smaller groups. e.g. among the consonants, in the entries on :
- p076.htm : p076c1-b21
- p082.htm : multiple cuts p082c-b15Mark ©: Entries that are of interest to me. I have to come up with a spelling in Dev myself. I check it with the following sources:
¤ Spoken Sanskrit dictionary (SpkSkt) online, and
¤ Sanskrit Document website - http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall_unic.html (link chk 170415)
See the downloaded paper: MC-indx.htm > glossary.htm (link chk 170415)
¤ Green Message - http://greenmesg.org/index.php (Don't open from HTML editor: link chk 170526
¤ A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, by Theodor Benfey, 1866 , pp1145. Since it is of the same time-period of A A Macdonell, it uses the same old form of Skt-Dev script. It is a good reference to check the orthography of Macdonell. See Wikipedia: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Benfey 170815
Downloaded copies of dictionary in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- TBenfey-SktEngDict<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 170816)I need to listen to how Sanskrit words are pronounced. e.g. निरुक्ति «nirukti».
UKT 150503: How would a Hindi-speaker pronounce it ?
https://www.howtopronounce.com/hindi/निरुक्ति/ 150712
The website gives the sound of this word निरुक्ति<)) (link chk 170814),
It sounds{ni.roak-té} to me, ending in /e/ instead of /i/. Maybe, my hearing is at fault.
UKT 170227: Paucity of nasals in IE - Eng-Lat & Skt-Dev - has necessitate the introduction of a sort of universal stand-in
{käin}. It is allowed by Shin Kicsi
{kaín} &
{kaiñ} on p068.htm (among coda consonants). However, it is not enough, and I have to change the vowel itself to solve the problem of Paucity of nasals.
-- UKT120817, 161120
If you look at the akshara table, you'll see that row #3 consonants, the retroflex, seem to stand apart from the other consonants. The first three consonants seem to be standing on pedestals.
The retroflex row#3 is quite outstanding in Mon-Myan pronunciation,.
Retroflex
{Ta.-HTa.} row is quite different from Dental
{ta.hta.} row. Now listen to
Mon-Myan retroflex: Mon-retroflex<))
Mon-Myan dental: Mon-dental<))Now listen to
Mon-Myan Velar: Mon-velar<))
According to European philologists
J.M.Haswell (1874) and R.C.Temple, {ga.}
is pronounced as {ké}. However, I can
only hear {gé} in the
Mon-velar<)).
What the European had heard was from the Peguan speakers themselves. What I am hearing now is the Martaban dialect. We will have to note that the Peguan, the mother tongue of my Mon ancestors which is a dead language. However, I could still hear the remanants of some sounds in the place-names of towns and villages near town of Kungyangoan where I was born and spent my pre-teen years.
Mon-Myan Palatal: Mon-palatal<))
Notice there is only one akshara sound with {é} for retroflex, whereas there are 3 each for others.
Most of the other
consonant-glyphs has shapes clearly based on
One-circle-Two-circles shapes based on the
full-rounded circle
{wa.}
r2c4
{Za.}, r2c5
{ña.}
r4c5{na.}
r7c3{La.}
Unlike the vowels, none of these consonants have an alternate "Letter" form.
In the case of vowels, there are two forms:
the vowel-letters and the vowel-signs. As the
first part part of our study, we will deal with
{þa.wuN}-vowels: /a/ /i/, /u/ . They are the
three of eight cardinal vowels of Daniel Jones.
http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter9/cardinal/cardinal.html 120817
In all Indic languages and Bur-Myan, each of the above three has a short form «a», «i», and «u», and a long form «ā», « ī», and «ū». Right now our interest is only on /i/ & /u/, and their forms in Devanagari and in Myanmar. In both cases there are distinct vowel-letters, and {a.}+vowel-signs.
Our interest is now narrowed down to vowel-letters:
• इ «i»
{I.} ; ई « ī»
{I}
• उ «u»{U} ; ऊ «ū»
{U}
In each case notice the diacritics when a short form is changed into the long form.
What most of the modern Bur-Myan have
difficulty with is
{I.}. They think it is a vertical conjunct of
{ka.} over
{ku.}. They do not know that it has the
sound of
{i.}, and like
{i.},
{I.} on being checked by a killed consonant
changes into {ai}.
- UKT 110815 , 120119 , 161206
Though
the Westerners who are used to
Alphabet-Letter system, CVC, do not pay
any attention to the coda, the coda is very important for Abugida-Akshara
system. I am finding
that the only way to study Bur-Myan
language belonging to Abugida-Akshara, CVÇ, is to study the effect of coda
consonant, Ç, on the nuclear vowel, V.
An added problem is the difference in number of tones
or registers (time-duration of which are measured by the time you take to blink
your eye) between different languages such as Bur-Myan, Eng-Lat, Mon-Myan,
and Skt-Dev. At the beginning of my study, I notice what I have termed the
Two-three tone problem. My work was hampered until I discovered the अः of Skt-Dev
has a counter part in Mon-Myan
{a:.}.
My thanks to the Gayatri Mantra where I noticed the नः from which I find the
Mon-Myan 
{na:.}.
-
bk-cndl-gayatri<))
{a.} अ (1 blnk) ,
{a} आ (2 blnk),
{a:} (2 blnk+emphasis),
Note #1: Bur:{aa.} (1/2 blnk) = Mon:
Note #2: There is no emphatic in both Mon and Sanskrit.
Listen to Skt-Dev vowels:
Spoken Skt-Dev grammar - SpkSktDevGram01-indx.htm (link chk 171027)
and - SpkSktDevGram02-indx.htm. (link chk 171027)
Note #3:
Short ह्रस्व «hrasva» (1 blnk), i.e., one मात्राकाल «mātrākāla»
Long दीर्घ «dīrgha» (2 blnk), i.e., two मात्राकाल «mātrākāla»
Protracted प्लुत «pluta», i.e., three मात्राकाल «mātrākāla» Lesson04<))
To be compared to the call of rooster in the morning.
The vowels in any human language are produced deep down in the throat by a set
of muscles on the hyoid complex in the voice-box with accompanying tongue and
lip movements. Because of this no two human beings will pronounce the same
vowel, say
{i.} /i/ in the same way. In fact the same human being will sing his or
her vowels differently from time to time depending on his or her health (such as
suffering from common cold), and in different consonantal environments.
When we are dealing with human beings of different linguistic groups such as Bur-Myan (Tib-Bur linguistic group), English-Latin (IE aka Indo-European), Pal-Myan (Tib-Bur), Sri Lankans (Austro-Asiatic), Northern Indians (Indo-Aryan) and Nepalis (Tib-Bur changing into Indo-Aryan), we must expect to hear them producing the same vowel /i/ noticeably differently.
Yet in many ways, we can still recognize
what they are singing: it is the vowel /i/.
So what we will be aiming at is the
phonemic (phonology) distinctions rather
than phonetics. We are concerned with
accuracy rather than precision. The only
reliable key to transcription is the two
highly contrastive vowels:
First set: /i/ (front-close), and /ɑ/ (back-open)
Second set: /a/ (front-open), and /u/ (back-close)
Though the first-set is more reliable, we are faced with a set back because of the uncertainty of /ɑ/, because in Pal-Myan and Bur-Myan, this phoneme is a mix-up between /ɔ/ (open-o), /o/, and /ɑ/.
Our only choice is the second-set. We find
the contrastive-ness in {u} and {a}
in Mora Sutta.
¤ Listen to Mora Sutta by Mingun Sayadaw
-
bk-cndl-Mingun<))
The phoneme {u} is used for the rising Sun in the morning, and {a}
is used for the setting Sun in the evening. This finding and other
similar findings has led me to conclude that we can know something of the
pronunciation by looking at the shape of the Myanmar aksharas.
We need to take the four BEPS languages together because what we are aiming at is to come up with a reliable transcription from Bur-Myan to Eng-Latin and back. Romabama, my invention, is the interlanguage-ASCII-based alphabet. It is used to bridge the four languages.
To be continued.
Go back lateral-rhotic-note-b
End of TIL file
