Update: 2020-08-05 06:51 PM -0400
UHS0275.htm
A compilation from:
1. Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan) (UHS-PMD), by U Hoke Sein, 1954, with English translation by U
Kyaw Tun (UKT) . This dictionary in ink-on-paper form is in TIL research library
at 35 Thantada St., Sanchaung, Yangon, Myanmar.
2. Student's Pali-English Dictionary,
by Maung Tin (U Pe Maung Tin),
(UPMT-PED) in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries
- UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk
200514)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar
Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL Research Station, Yangon,
MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
index.htm |
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PED-TILindx.htm
{kak~ka.þa.}
{kak~ka}
{kak~ku}
{kak~kau:}
{ka.hka.}
{ka.ga.}
{ka.gna.} : given as Kin'si sign
{kïn~}
{kïn~ka.}
{kïn~ka}
{kïn~ku.}
{kïn~kau:}
{kïn~hka.}
{kïn~hka}
{kïn~gu.}
{ka.sa.}
UKT to TIL editor: Entries from UPMT :
1. Last entry on previous UHS page:«kakkarī» - f. a kettle. - UPMT061
-- First entry on this UHS page ---- :
2. Last entry on this UHS page ---- :«kacavara» - m. sweepings, rubbish, - UPMT062
-- First entry on next UHS page --- :«kaccati» - v. (Jkac) to shine,
Use the above data to check with - UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô>
UKT notes :
U Hoke Sein gives: Ka'thè powder
{ka.þèý
mhoan.} as a mixture of five ingredients:
1. 
{þa-þa.pa.} 'mustard'.
2. 
{lau:Na.} 'rock salt'.
3. 
{mût~ti.ka} 'clay'.
4. 
{ti.la.} 'sesame'.
5. 
{ha.laid~di.} 'curcuma'. - UKT:UHS0276c105
• Akshara-major vs. Akshara-minor
• Tree of Revenge
BP:
{kak~ka.þa.} - ¹. mfn. rough, difficult, hastily done. m. names
of two plants Cassia or Sennia esculenta - UKT:UHS0276c100
IP: «kakkasa» - adj. rough, cruel, hard. - UPMT061 [end
of UPMT p061]
BP: {kak~ka.þa.} - ². m. names
of two plants: Cassia or Sennia esculenta - UKT:UHS0276c100
UKT 200517: I suspect that U Hoke Sein has made a spelling mistake: it should be Cassia or Senna esculenta
Refer to :
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Senna.html 200517
In Bur-Myan it is: Pwé:hsé:mè:za.li, Thing~Bau: mè:za.li. . It is a curative for
ring-worm and a very rough purgative.
BP: 
{ka~kaþ~þa.} - n. roughness, cruelty - UKT:UHS0276c101
IP: «kakkasa» - adj. rough, cruel, hard. - UPMT061 [end
of UPMT p061]
UKT 200517: The pronunciations of
See my note on Akshara-major vs. Akshara-minor
{kak~ka}
BP: 
{kak~ka-Ri.ka.} ,
{kak~ka-Ru.ka.} - n.
{þa.hkwa:kraún} literally "mad cucumber" - UKT:UHS0276c102
IP: «kakkārī » - f. red cucumber. - UPMT062
BP: 
{kak~ka-ru.} - m. White ash pumpkin Benincasa cerifera - UKT:UHS0276c103
Para:
{kyauk-hpa.roän} - White gourd melon; White ash pumpkin - Benincasa cerifera
- Cucurbitaceae - MPara07-0159
BP: 
{kak~ka-ré-ti.} - a throat movement producing the sound
{kak} - UKT:UHS0276c104
IP: «kakkāreti» - v. (√kar) to express disgust. - UPMT062
{kak~ku}
BP: 
- mfn. beautify face and body with Ka'thè powder
{ka.þèý mhoan.} - UKT:UHS0276c105
U Hoke Sein gives: Ka'thè powder
{kak~kau:}
BP:
{kak~kau:Ta.ka.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kakkoṭaka» - m. the bael
{U.þhyic} tree, sugar-cane. - UPMT062
See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegle_marmelos 200718
{kak~hka.}
BP:
{kak~hka.} - m. a spreading woody vine thick with branches [a Liana
suitable for hiding] -
UKT:UHS0276c106
IP: «kakkha» - m. the armpit', dried grass, buffalo; f. a woman's
girdle. - UPMT062
BP:
{kak~hka.Ta.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kakkhaṭa» - adj. harsh, cruel; /. white chalk. - UPMT062
BP:
{kak~hka.La.} - mfn. rough, difficult, hard, unpleasant, hard-hearted, -
UKT:UHS0276c107
IP: «kakkhaḷa» - adj. harsh, cruel, - UPMT062
BP:
{kak~hka.La.ka.hta} - f. harsh speech - UKT:UHS0276c108
BP:
{kak~hka.La.kûm~ma.} - n. cruel action - UKT:UHS0276c109
BP:
{kak~hka.La.ta} - f. the state of being rough and cruel - UKT:UHS0276c110
BP:
{kak~hka.La.rût~ta.} - m. cruel drunkard - UKT:UHS0276c111
BP:
{kak~hka.Li.ya.} - n. cruelty, hardness - UKT:UHS0276c112
BP:
- m. being cruel, strong headedness - UKT:UHS0276c113
{kak~hki}
BP:
{kak~hki} - f. Pigeon - UKT:UHS0276c114 
Para:
{pè:sín:gnoän}
- Pigeon pea - Cajanus indicus - Papilionaceae - MPara36-0943
{ka.hka.}
BP:
{ka.hka.ti.} - √
√kahk - laugh - UKT:UHS0276c115
{ka.ga.}
BP:
{ka.ga.} - √kag - do - UKT:UHS0276c116
{ka.gna.} : given as Kin'si sign
{kïn~}
{kïn~ka.}
BP:
{kïn~ka.} - m. three names for indigenous bird(s) - UKT:UHS0276c117
UKT 200520: one of the names is
{þín-teín:wut-gnak} "bird in a tunic"
IP: «kaṅka» - m - a heron - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~ka.Ta.} - m. elephant bridle, chain-mail tunic - UKT:UHS0276c118
IP: «kaṅkaṭa» - m. a coat of mail, - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~ka.Na.} - n. bracelet, armlet - UKT:UHS0276c119
IP: «kaṅkaṇa» - n. a bracelet, - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~ka.Ni} - not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅkaṇī» - f. a small bell with a tongue - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~ka.ta.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅkata» - m. a tree, - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~ka.ti.} - √kïn~ki. having gone - UKT:UHS0276c120
BP:
{kïn~ka.ti.ka} - f. ? - UKT:UHS0276c200
BP:
{kïn~ka.pût~ta.} - n. heron feather - UKT:UHS0276c201
BP:
{kïn~ka.mu.hka.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅkamukha» - m. fire tongs, - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~ka.la.} - m. a heap of bones, a skeleton - UKT:UHS0276c202
{kïn~ka}
BP:
{kïn~ka} - not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅkā» - f. the scent of lotus, - UPMT062
{kïn~ku.}
BP:
{kïn~ku.} - m. a kind of cereal, millet - UKT:UHS0276c203
IP: «kaṅku» - m. a kind of paddy - UPMT062
Para:
{hsup-ni}
- Ragi millet; Indian millet - Eleusine coracana - Granimeae - MPara22-0568
UKT 200523: See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet 0523.
There are 3 kinds of millet given in - Botanical Names of Myanmar Plants of Importance, by Agri Dept (Planning), Govt of Union of Myanmar, 2000. - Agri2000-indx.htm (link chk 200516)
I've no way to differentiate them except by colour "red", and Burmese common names.
BP:
{kïn~koaT~HTa.} - yellowish earth with medicinal properties - UKT:UHS0276c204
{kïn~kau:} UKT 200521: Though the officially accepted form is
, consider the possibility of using Super-tha'we'hto forms:
BP:
{kïn~kau:la.ka.} - n. cinnamon bark - UKT:UHS0276c205
Para:
{ka.ra.wé:} - Cinnamon - Cinnamomum inunctum - Lauraceae - MPara02-0046
See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon 200521
"Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree
species from the genus Cinnamomum."
UKT 200501: Being a bark to a tree is similar to a tunic on the human
body. See
{kïn~ka.} "
{þín-teín:wut-gnak} "bird in a tunic".
BP:
{kïn~kau:li.}
- not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅkoli» - m. the amherstia tree, - UPMT062
Para:
{thau-ka.kri:} - Queen of the flowering plant - Amherstia nobilis - Caesalpiniaceae
- MPara59-1566
UKT 200521: See my note of
Tree of Revenge
{kïn~hka.}
BP:
{kïn~hka.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅkha» - m. the fruit pigeon; f. doubt, - UPMT062
UKT 200523: For "fruit pigeon" is. see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_dove 200805
"The fruit doves, also known as fruit pigeons, are a genus (Ptilinopus) of birds in the pigeon and dove family (Columbidae).
BP:
{kïn~hkic~hsé-da.na.} - n. terminating the habit of doubt - UKT:UHS0276c206
BP:
{kïn~hka.ti.} - √kïn~hki. - suspected, suspension - UKT:UHS0276c207
IP: «kaṅkhati» - v. √kaṅkh - to doubt, - UPMT062
UHS usage:
waiting for suitable time
BP:
{kïn~hka.na.} - n. suspicion - UKT:UHS0276c208
BP:
{kïn~hka.ni-ya.} - mfn. subject to suspicion - UKT:UHS0276c209
{kïn~hka}
BP:
{kïn~hka} - f. becomes suspicious, became doubtful - UKT:UHS0276c210
UHS usage:
{ût~ta.nau:}
{kïn~ka.~hkän}
{hsain~di.toän}
{a.þak~kaun~tau:} "alas, I couldn't stop my suspicious mind".
Note: the regular spelling of {a.þak~kaun~tau:} is
BP:
{kïn~hka HTa-ni.ya.} - mfn. point of doubt - UKT:UHS0276c211
UKT 200523: I'm analysing my own mind with the question of transmigration of
BP:
{kïn~hka Dûm~ma.} - m. nature of suspicion - UKT:UHS0276c212
BP:
{kïn~hka ya.na} - f. suspicion, doubt - UKT:UHS0276c213
BP:
{kïn~hka yi.tût~ta.} - n. mind becoming suspicious - UKT:UHS0276c214
BP:
-
{kïn~hka wi.ta.Ra.Na.} - n. overcame suspicion or doubt - UKT:UHS0276c215
BP:
-
{kïn~hka wi.ta.Ra.Na. wi.þoad~Di.} - absolute freedom from doubt - UKT:UHS0276c216
BP:
{kïn~hka wi.Da.ma.na.} - n - elimination of doubt - UKT:UHS0276c217
{kïn~gu.}
BP:
{kïn~gu.} - f.
{hsûp-sa.pa:}
"millet cereal" - UKT:UHS0276c218
IP: kaṅgu, f. a kind of paddy,, - UPMT062
The next entry in UPMT is «kaṅguli»
"the hand".
Para:
{hsûp-lu:}
- no English common name -
Eremochloa ciliaris - Gramineae - MPara22-0569
BP:
{kïn~gu. paiT~HTa.} - n. millet cereal powder - UKT:UHS0276c219
BP:
{kïn~gu. Bût~ta.} - n. cooked millet cereal - UKT:UHS0276c220
BP:
{kïn~gu.li.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kaṅguli» - m. the hand. - UPMT062
BP:
{kïn~gu. þait~hta.} - n. a particle of cooked millet cereal - UKT:UHS0276c221
BP:
{kïn~gu. þi-þa.} - n. ear of millet - UKT:UHS0276c222
{ka.sa.}
BP:
{ka.sa.} - m. head hair [UKT 200524: referring to "daintiness and
beauty"]- UKT:UHS0276c223
IP: «kaca» - m. the hair, cloud; f. a she-elephant, beauty -
UPMT062
BP:
{ka.sa.ka.la-pa.} - m. coif hair, clump of hair - UKT:UHS0276c224
BP:
{ka.sïn~ga.na.} - not given in UHS
IP: «kacaṅgana» - n. a market free from tax. - UPMT062
BP:
{ka.sa.pa-þa.} - m. hair bundle, coif hair - UKT:UHS0276c225
BP:
{ka.sa.ma-la} - not given in UHS
IP: «kacamāla» - m. smoke [UKT 200524: referring to wreath of smoke
curling upwards], - UPMT062
BP:
{ka.sa.ti.} - ¹. √kic make a sound - UKT:UHS0276c226
BP:
{ka.sa.ti.} - ². √kic make a bundle - UKT:UHS0276c227
BP:
{ka.sa.wa.Ra.} - m. rubbish, sweepings - UKT:UHS0276c228
IP: «kacavara» - m. sweepings, rubbish, - UPMT062
UHS usage:
{ka.sa.wa.Rän}
{hsa.ðén~ti.} - rubbish has been thrown away
BP:
{ka.sa.wa.Ra. hsa.ða.na.} - n. throwing away the rubbish
- UKT:UHS0276c229
BP:
{ka.sa.wa.Ra. hsa.ða.na.ka.} - mfn. for disposal of rubbish. n. handheld hoe
for disposal of rubbish - UKT:UHS0276c230
(end of UHS0276)
UKT 190908, ... 200718:
You might be tempted to ask why the English terms "Major" and "Minor" has come
into my usage. I was trying to solve the problem of Nya-gyi
{Ña.kri:}
and Nya-lé
{ña.lé:} in Bur-Myan and Pali-Myan. I realized that there is a problem in
pronunciation and spelling in the word Gyi
{kri:}, where the pronunciation has /j/ phoneme but spelled with /y/ grapheme.
Unable to solve this problem, I adopted the English term Major for Gyi
{kri:}, and Minor for Lé
{lé:}.
UKT 200718: It is interesting to note that Pali-Myan scholars tend to think that Nya-major
{ñ~ña.}-mute. See Dictionary of Pali-derived Myanmar words (in Bur-Myan) - by U Tun Myint, Univ. of Rangoon Press, 1968, p504: "Though written with two "heads", it is only one phoneme. The only reason for writing with two "heads" is to make it more "respectable" in appearance". (my translation).
My comment: these scholars are just copyists - one copying from his predecessor. They should realize that looking respectable has no place in Science. To me, Pali-Myan Nya-major is a horizontal conjunct of 2 Nya-minors and is mute. But Bur-Myan Nya-major is a basic consonant in its own right because it can stand being under a Virama
{a.þût}.
I'm beginning to suspect that Bur-Myan Nya-major
{Ña.}/
{Ñ} - which can be under Virama
{a.þût} - was lost during
the religious reformation of King Anawrahta
{a.nau-ra.hta. mín:}. It was then Pali-Myan became heavily influenced by Pali-Lanka.
Pali-Myan became the religious
language in place of the language of the Ari'gyis
{a.ri:kri:}.
#1.
Whatever the historical reasons maybe, it is possible
that both Nya-major and Nya-minor were in existence
as basic aksharas
{Ña.}/
{Ñ}, and
{ñ}
«kaññā»
{ka.Ña} 'maid, virgin' [UHS-PMD0278c1 ]
«kataññutā»{ka.tíñ~ñu.ta}* 'gratitude' [UHS-PMD0284c1] ,
«kammañña»{kûm~ma.Ña.} 'adaptability, wieldiness, workableness' [UHS-PMD0295c1]
«kāyaviññatti»{ka-ya.waíñ~ñût~ti.}* 'intimation by means of the body, pantomime' [UHS-PMD0309c2]
«kāyaviññeyya» 'the tangible body' [no UHS entry].
«kāruñña»{ka-ru.Ña.} 'compassion' [UHS-PMD0312c2]
«kālañña»{ka-la.Ñu} 'knowing the correct time' [UHS-PMD0313c1]
* Bur-Myan speakers are very familiar with this "pronunciation" as horizontal-conjunct of{ñ~ña.}
A usage example given in [UHS-PMD0312c2] for
«kāruñña»
{ka-Ru.Ña.} is
{ka-Roañ~ñé-na.}. Without a colour scheme, it is
impossible for most to pronounce. Of course, it
would be easy to pronounce it as
But I would stand by my advice: readers of Pali-Myan should pronounce either as basic aksharas
Nya-major
{Ña.}/
{Ñ},
or Nya-minor
{ña.}/
{ñ}.
Also use it as horizontal-conjunct of
{ñ~ña.} (mute) after a consonant such as
{pa.}:
{píñ~ña}. However, we must all acknowledge
the existence of basic akshara Nya-major
{Ña.}/
{Ñ}.
#2. Another observation I've made is the Bur-Myan
usage of killed Nya-major. Of the tenuis consonants,
{ka.},
{sa.},
{ta.},
{pa.}, the only one which will not be checked by killed Nya-major is
{ka.}. Others can be checked by killed Nya-major. However, if
{ka.} were given a slight "friction" by making it
{kya.}, it can be checked:
{kyæÑ.},
{kyæÑ},
{kyæÑ:}. I've confirmed my observation with my friend U (Dr.) Tun Tint of MLC on
190914, and he concurred.
#3. The third observation I've made is in connection with cardinal corner short vowels: /a/, /i/ , /u/ , /ɑ/.
The pronunciations of
{ka.þa.} and
{kaþ~þa.} are so similar that speakers easily confused the two phonemes.
I've met a learned Burmese Buddhist who insists that Tha-major
{þ~þa.} has a very grave accent. He doesn't realized that as a horizontal
conjunct, it is mute. Then I realized that he doesn't know anything about
phonetics.
Go back Akshara-major-minor-note-b
UKT 200521: I refer to the "Queen of the flowering plant" which is named Amherstia
in honour of Lady Amherst as the Tree of Revenge for the injustices done to my
mother country by Sir William Amherst. Unknown to the West, even today, is
{thau-ka.kri:} means "great distress" which nearly landed Amherst in a
court-martial. I wonder who gave the name of the tree to Lady Amherst.
The British colonialists also renamed the town of Kyaik'kha'mi as Amherst. Probably unknown to them the Burmese name (after a Mon-Myan name) is for a Buddhist pagoda.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst 200521
"William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, (1773-1857) was a British diplomat and
colonial administrator. ... Amherst was Governor-General of India from August
1823 to February 1828. The principal events of his government were annexation of
Assam leading to
the
first [Anglo-]Burmese war of 1824. [It resulted] in the cession of Arakan
{ra.hkeín kûm:ro:tûn:} and Tenasserim
{ta.nïn~þa-ri kûm:ro:tûn:} [ and a huge sum of silver as money - a large amount
which brought ruin to the Burmese]
to the British[-India] Empire.[3]
[5]
[UKT ¶]
It also resulted in the introduction of civil and criminal laws entirely foreign to the Burmese-Buddhists. See Section 5, subsection 5.6:
Law-indx.htm > Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: by David C. Buxbaum, - Buxbaum-indx.htm > On Burma - OnBurma.htm (link chk 200521)
"... The first Anglo-Burmese War was fought in 1824, in which native Indian troops were used for the first time by the British to invade and subjugate a foreign country. The British, by virtue of their superiority in naval power and modern artillery, won the war as a result of which the Treaty of Yandabo was concluded in 1826. Under this treaty the Burmese King had to code to the British government the two costal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim. ... And although Article 1 of the Treaty of Yandabo 1 stipulates that "there shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the Honourable (East India) Company on the one part and His Majesty the King of Ava on the other" the British government did not find much difficulty in picking another quarrel with the Burmese King and consequently the second Anglo-Burmese War was fought in 1852 and the sizable territory of southern Burma consisting of Pegu, Rangoon, Bassein and Prome, was annexed to the British Empire. Finally, in 1885, the third Anglo-Burmese War ended in the banishment to India of the last of the Burmese Kings and the remaining territory of Burma was officially annexed to the British Empire early in 1886."
.... It was only due to the efforts of powerful friends such as George Canning and the Duke of Wellington that Amherst was not recalled in disgrace at the end of the war.
UKT 200521: However, it was not William Amherst, who first had designs on the
prosperous Burmese Kingdom of Alaungpaya dynasty with its expansionist crown
princes, (who later became the kings), and the famous
general Bandula . The culprit was the [not so Honourable] East India Company ever hungry for
the spoils of war - the Robber Baron of the East - of the 18th century.
It was the time of War of 1812-15 in North America. Britain had to recall its
troops from the Indian theatre to send them to North America.
See
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 200521
But, I've no interest in history, and I must stop this note here.
Go back Tree-of-Revenge-note-b
End of TIL file
