bigbang.htm
A collection from Wikipedia: -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang 190611
and other websites.
The downloaded Wikipedia article is in TIL HD-nonPDF
and SD-nonPDF libraries, in Webarchive .MHT section:
-
BigBang<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190611)
Collection downloaded and edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT)
(M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), and staff of Tun Institute
of Learning (TIL) . Not for sale.
No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and
staff of TIL Research Station,
Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
index.htm | |Top
earth-indx.htm
Introduction
Quantum Chemistry and Quantum Physics
01.0. Overview
02.0.
Timeline
02.1.
Singularity
02.2. Inflation and baryogenesis
... ... ...
11.0. Religious and philosophical interpretations
The following is linked to the original page.
Don't go on line to new version.
Take from downloaded Wikipedia article is in TIL HD-nonPDF and SD-nonPDF libraries, in
Webarchive .MHT section:
-
BigBang<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190613)
02.3.
Cooling
02.4.
Structure formation
02.5.
Cosmic acceleration
03.0.
Features of the model
03.1
Expansion of space
03.2.
Horizons
04.0.
History
04.1.
Etymology
04.2.
Development
05.0.
Observational evidence
05.1.
Hubble's law and the expansion of space
05.2.
Cosmic microwave background radiation
05.3.
Abundance of primordial elements
05.4.
Galactic evolution and distribution
05.5.
Primordial gas clouds
05.6.
Other lines of evidence
05.7.
Future observations
06.0.
Problems and related issues in physics
06.1.
Baryon asymmetry
06.2.
Dark energy
06.3.
Dark matter
06.4.
Horizon problem
06.5.
Magnetic monopoles
06.6.
Flatness problem
07.0.
Cause
08.0.
Ultimate fate of the universe
09.0.
Misconceptions
10.0.
Speculations
11.0.
12.0.
See also
13.0.
Notes
14.0.
References
14.1.
Books
15.0.
Further reading
16.0.
External links
- UKT 190619: This series of my presentation should have begun with this file.
Instead, I'd begun with
¤ Early Earth: the First Billion years -
earlyearth.htm ,
which itself was a later addition after
¤ History of the Earth -
histearth.htm .
In fact I should have begun with the question "Is there a beginning for
everything?" - a question which would have been left aside by the First
Scientist, Gautama Buddha himself as being unfruitful.
The question "Is there a beginning for
everything" surely would bring us into
the realm of Physical Paradoxes. See
Wikipedia:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_paradox
190623
and, Schrödinger's cat - a thought
experiment, devised by Austrian physicist
Erwin Schrödinger in 1935.
[1]
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat
190623
Though shunned by Buddha, many intellectuals and those fond of arguments, including myself, have asked such questions - especially when they have enough to eat (because their needs are small), and do not have to worry about the next meal - such as ancient Vedic rishis and modern theoretical scientists.
I've been asked whether I believe in Creation by God in the U.S., in Australia, and in Canada. My answer has been the same but in different forms. What I told the Evangelists in Canada who came to persuade me to their Faith: "Yes. It began the moment I was conceived in my mother's womb, and will end when I die." I asked them to say what they have come to say, at the end of which I said: "Now that you've said what you've come to say on Christianity, and I've listened, please listen to what I've on Buddhism." One particular person replied, "Because I now have the best, why should I listen to you." That was the last time he came to see me and I thank him for that.
Now, don't think that Science is free from speculations. Theoretical scientists all speculate. However, what they had speculated has to be checked by experiments and observations, and only those that can be checked are accepted. Some of the rest are completely thrown out, and some are left to be experimentally checked further. Even when something is accepted as Infallible Fact, somebody can come along and re-check it based on newly done experiments and observations, throw the Infallible Fact out. However, none of the religionists would allow that to be done with their beliefs. For instance, what would the Christian Authorities do, if someone were to say that he believed in God and Jesus, but could not accept Resurrection. Would he be thrown out of his respective church, or, as in old days, burned at the stake as a heretic? What about the Buddhists and Hindus?
Watch a video on Big Bang - the Universe came about - I hate to use the word Creation - in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- BigBangTh<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 36.0 MB (link chk 190621)
"Less than a billionth of a second ..."Big Bang takes us to the beginning of Space and Time. Now Space has three dimensions, x, y, z, and Time has one dimension, t. When they become unified they became Spacetime (no longer a hypenated word). It has four dimensions. Unless you can imagine what it would look like, it is impossible to visualize what is meant by Mass distorting spacetime. See a video by Stéphane Durand titled What is Spacetime? in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- WhatSpacetime<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 16.0 MB (link chk 190622)Or, if you are fond of long lectures, watch a Fermilab video public lecture titled Einstein, Black Holes, and Cosmic Chirps, by Barry C. Barish, Caltech, 15 June 2016. The video is in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- EinsteinBlackHolesCosmicChirps<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 337 MB (link chk 190618)Note: It is a long lecture and full of terms which are foreign to me - even for one who had studied Relativity in his student days in Rangoon University in 1950-1955. Later in 1970s, I had to study Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Chemistry to teach M.Sc. students, for which I was granted enough time to go into a sort of sabbatical to study with various departments in Univ. of Rangoon. I was lucky to have Dr. U Khin Maung Win, Ph.D. in mathematics from a French university. He was my ex-student, and a distant cousin, who by that time had become a lecturer in mathematics. A lecturer of those days is equivalent to a professor or in the event of a lack of chair an associate professor today. There is one good thing about video lectures: you can take a break any time you chose, and come back to it again and again until you are satisfied - or became completely bored. The subject is on Science of Cosmology of the Present, which I feel may be equated to the Infallible Religious Truth of Creation of the Past in which many still believe.
UKT 190612: Buddhism ignores Creation and the Creator - neither affirms nor denies it. I hold that the Creator is just an Axiom: contemplating on it instead of on Suffering which we have to endure in this life - is just unfruitful, although it might bring relief to many. Buddhism is thus not a Religion. It is a philosophy on the nature of things which can be interpreted as Science. If the subject is unfruitful why would I, a down-to-earth scientist, study it. The answer is simple - Curiosity.
Attempts to create the Big Bang - the beginning of Universe - experimentally and create the particles (from which the atoms were formed) has culminated in building the largest particle accelerator in Europe straddling the border between France and Switzerland. "Large accelerators are used for basic research in particle physics. The most powerful accelerator currently is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built by the European collaboration CERN." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator 190612
Watch a video on Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from Fermilab in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- LHC<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 85.0 MB (link chk 190621)
For many who cannot understand the scientific language (in English) in the videos, read about the Big Bang below.
Based on the downloaded Wikipedia article is in TIL HD-nonPDF and SD-nonPDF libraries, in Webarchive .MHT section:
- BigBang<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190611)
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the observable universe [1] [2] [3] from the earliest known periods [not Geologic periods] through its subsequent large-scale evolution. [4] [5] [6] [UKT ¶]
UKT 190613:
¤ "observable universe" - by what? Ans: Human eye - unaided or aided by instruments. Remember, there are those who believe in what they call the "mind's eye".
"The third eye (also called the mind's eye, or inner eye) is a mystical and esoteric concept of a speculative invisible eye, usually depicted as located on the forehead, which provides perception beyond ordinary sight. [1]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_eye 190611
¤ "earliest known periods" - a second after the Big Bang? Ans: No. We are talking of time-periods much much smaller than one second.
"In Big Bang cosmology, the Planck epoch or Planck era is the earliest stage of the Big Bang, before the time passed was equal to the Planck time, tP, or approximately 10−43 = 1 x10^(-43) seconds. [17] "
Note: for those who are not used to negative numbers, remember:
10-2 = 1 x10^(-2) is one hundredth of a second or 0.01 second
10-3 = 1 x10^(-3) is one thousandth of a second or 0.001 second.UKT 190613: Now my Creationist friend (inside my brain) came back to my Scientist friend (also inside my brain):
Creationist: "Now your Big Bang is just as useless as my God".
Scientist: "Yes. Both Big Bang and God are just useless - just fruitless ideas. But, with a difference. Big Bang can be experimentally brought about. Not your God."
Creationist: "Now, read the Book of Job in the Bible".Job 38:4-7 New International Version (NIV):
4 "Where were you when I laid the earth's foundation? Tell me, if you understand.
5 "Who marked off its dimensions? Surely you know! Who stretched a measuring line across it?
6 "On what were its footings set, or who laid its cornerstone --
7 "while the morning stars sang together and all the angles [a] shouted for joy? "UKT 190619: If only Buddha had been looking at the debate going on inside my brain, he would surely smile. Buddhism encourages Man to use reason alone to find the answers. It is unlike any other religion where the religionists would cow you down extolling the supernatural powers of the Creator. They just want you to have blind faith. Unfortunately, I have come across many Theravada Buddhist leaders who want you to have Blind Faith. In fact I've just had talk with a Rishi
{ra.þé.} friend of mine, who told me that his practice can be interpreted as based on Faith
{þûd~da}. I answered that as a Rishi
{piñ~ña}, and that I try to get rid of Blind Faith from my thinking.
Now let's see, or watch a video on What good is Particle Physics from Fermilab in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- WhatGoodParticlePhys<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 108 MB (link chk 190623)
The answer is Curiosity .
The [Big Bang] model describes how the universe expanded from a very high-density and high-temperature state, [7] [8] and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena, including the abundance of light elements [such as hydrogen H and helium He], the cosmic microwave background (CMB), large scale structure and Hubble's law (the farther away galaxies are, the faster they are moving away from Earth). [9] If the observed conditions are extrapolated backwards in time using the known laws of physics, the prediction is that just before a period of very high density there was a singularity which is typically associated with the Big Bang. [UKT ¶]
UKT 190620: From Hyperphysics: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/hubble.html 190620
Hubble's law is a statement of a direct correlation between the distance to a galaxy and its recessional velocity as determined by the red shift. It can be stated as: v = H0 r , where: v = recessional velocity, H0 = Hubble constant , r = distance
Or, watch a video on Hubble's Contentious Constant from Science at NASA in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- HubbleConstant<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 91.6 MB (link chk 190620)Watch video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcgxC2sPDIc
Now let's watch videos on Singularity from World Science U in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
1. What is a Singularity ?
- WhatSingularity<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 7.18 MB (link chk 190622)
2. Do we have evidence that the Universe started with a Singularity? The answer is No!
- EvidenceSingularity<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 20.5 MB (link chk 190623)UKT 190627: Scientist still unable to reconcile Quantum Mechanics and Theory of Relativity. But that doesn't mean that we should go back to Religionists. For hardnosed scientists like me, I will always side with Science.
Quantum Chemistry and Quantum Physics
Now, I've no excuse not to go back to what I'd gone through 40 years ago: Quantum Mechanics, or more specifically Quantum Chemistry. The old book which I'd to study more than 40 years ago, or rather a pdf copy of it - Quantum Chemistry by Henry Eyring, at. al., 1944, is in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- HEyring-QuantumChemistry<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190623)
Preface: "In so far as quantum mechanics is correct, chemical questions are problems in applied mathematics. In spite of this, chemistry, because of its complexity, will not cease to be in large measure an experimental science, even as for the last three hundred years the laws governing the motions of celestial bodies have been understood without eliminating the need for direct observation. No chemist, however, can afford to be uninformed of a theory which systematizes all of chemistry even though mathematical complexity often puts exact numerical results beyond his immediate reach. ..."
It is note worthy that an eminent scientist like Prof. Eyring, who I met in 1958 when he visited The Institute of Paper Chemistry where I was studying for my M.S., is a respected member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints aka Mormon Church.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints 190627UKT 190627: At this advanced age of 85, my brain sometimes hunger for more advanced learning. To satisfy this urge, I'll have to go into some 30 lectures on Quantum Physics by Prof. V. Balakrishnan, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. His lectures are in is in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- QuantumPhys01<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 141 MB (link chk 190627)
- QuantumPhys02<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 144 MB (link chk 190627)
- QuantumPhys03<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 135 MB (link chk 190628)
Physicists are undecided whether this means the universe began from a singularity, or that current knowledge is insufficient to describe the universe at that time. [UKT ¶]
Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang at around 13.8 x10^9 (billion) yr ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. [10] [UKT ¶]
UKT 190623: We now have a number for the age of the universe: 13.8 x10^9 (billion) years ago. As a pragmatist, I'll keep this in mind when going into my study of ¤ History of the Earth - histearth.htm .
After its initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements (mostly hydrogen H, with some helium He and lithium Li) later coalesced through gravity, eventually forming early stars and galaxies, the descendants of which are visible today. [UKT ¶]
UKT 190618: There are 4 fundamental forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. Of the four gravity is the weakest. Unable to explain everything about gravitational force, particle physicists are now theorising about quantum gravity and graviton. Watch a video on Quantum Gravity from Fermilab in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- QuantumGravity<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 85.5 MB (link chk 190614)
Astronomers also observe the gravitational effects of dark matter surrounding galaxies. Though most of the mass in the universe seems to be in the form of dark matter, Big Bang theory and various observations seem to indicate that it is not made out of conventional baryonic matter (protons, neutrons, and electrons) but it is unclear exactly what it is made out of.
Now let's see, or watch a video on Big Questions Dark Matter from Fermilab in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- BigQuestDarkMatter<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 104 MB (link chk 190614)UKT 190614: No proof that Dark Matter exists apart from mathematical calculations and indirect astronomical observations. Dark Matter is a hypothesis. It reminds the chemist in me of the Phlogiston Theory of the 17th century.
Read Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theory 190614
" It was first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher and then put together more formally by Georg Ernst Stahl. The theory attempted to explain processes such as combustion and rusting, which are now collectively known as oxidation. ... when Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen, he believed it to be dephlogisticated air, capable of combining with more phlogiston and thus supporting combustion for longer than ordinary air. [3] "
Since Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point, scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion. The scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different theories, the Big Bang and the Steady State theory, but a wide range of empirical evidence has strongly favored the Big Bang which is now universally accepted. [11] In 1929, from analysis of galactic redshifts, Edwin Hubble concluded that galaxies are drifting apart; this is important observational evidence consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe. In 1964, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, [12] since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the universe before it was discovered. More recently, measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to dark energy's existence. [13] The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature. [14]
UKT 190615: Now that the majority of Scientists has accepted Dark Matter, they are bound to accept its counterpart the Dark Energy. So had the majority of Scientists of a former time accepted Phlogiston Theory - including Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of Oxygen himself. Yet it had not proven the existence of Phlogiston. In Nature, it is not the majority that matters. Does it mean that the Democratic idea of the Majority wins - a cherished idea in politics - is not a Law of Nature? So also, the acceptance of Dark Matter and Dark Energy by the majority of the present day Scientists does not in any way prove the existence of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Nevertheless, let's watch a video on Big Mystery Dark Energy from Fermilab in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- BigMystDarkEnergy<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 55.4 MB (link chk 190615)UKT 190616: Now how would Buddha answer these unanswerable questions which today can be met in Singularity, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy? He was pressed to answer these questions while each one of us is suffering from Mental Suffering
{doak~hka.}. See: Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Poisoned_Arrow 190616
"The parable of the arrow (or 'Parable of the poisoned arrow') is a Buddhist parable that illustrates the skeptic and pragmatic themes of the Cula-Malunkyovada Sutta (The Shorter Instructions to Malunkya) which is part of the middle length discourses (Majjhima Nikaya), one of the five sections of the Sutta Pitaka. ... The sutta begins at Jetavana where the monk [acetic ?] Malunkyaputta is troubled by Gautama Buddha's silence on the fourteen unanswerable questions, which include queries about the nature of the cosmos and life after the death of a Buddha. ... Gautama responded by first stating that he never promised to reveal ultimate metaphysical truths such as those and then uses the story of a man who has been shot with a ... arrow to illustrate that those questions are irrelevant to his teachings. ... 'It's just as if a man were wounded with an arrow ... . His friends ... provided him with a surgeon, and the man would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know whether the man who wounded me was a noble warrior, ... or a worker.' He would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know the given name & clan name of the man who wounded me... ' ".UKT 190614: The known physical laws of nature must never taken to be the Infallible Truth. If a law is taken to be absolutely true as a matter of Faith for all Circumstances and for all Times, it ceases to be a Scientific Law - it has become an Axiom. Because of this Restriction, the Buddhist ideas that I embraces are only the Four Noble Truths and Anatta Principle to which may be added the Twenty-four Foundations of Action. I hold the other Buddhist ideas - both Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayāna - to be just open questions. See: Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism 190617
"From a largely English-language standpoint, and to some extent in most of Western academia, Buddhism is separated into two groups at its foundation: Theravāda, literally "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching," and Mahāyāna, literally the "Great Vehicle." The most common classification among scholars is threefold, with Mahāyāna itself split between the traditional Mahāyāna teachings, and the Vajrayāna teachings which emphasize esotericism."
Because of the ideas that I embrace - Four Noble Truths , Anatta Principle and Twenty-four Foundations of Action - I be calssified as a Theravada Buddhist.
In 1922, Russian mathematician Alexander Friedmann [15] proposed on theoretical grounds that the universe is expanding, which was rederived independently and observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Belgian astronomer and Catholic priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 [16] [17] [18] Lemaître also proposed what became known as the "Big Bang theory" of the creation of the universe, originally calling it the "hypothesis of the primeval atom".: [19] in his paper Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles (Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels) under the title "Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques" ("A homogeneous Universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extragalactic nebulae"), [20] he presented his new idea that the universe is expanding and provided the first observational estimation of what is known as the Hubble constant. [21] What later will be known as the "Big Bang theory" of the origin of the universe, he called his "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the "Cosmic Egg". [22]
American astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that
the distances to faraway galaxies were strongly
correlated with their redshifts. This was
interpreted to mean that all distant galaxies
and clusters are receding away from our vantage
point with an apparent velocity proportional to
their distance: that is, the farther they are,
the faster they move away from us, regardless of
direction.
[23] [UKT ¶]
Pix on right: Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift 190619
"Redshift (and blueshift) may be characterized by the relative difference between the observed and emitted wavelengths (or frequency) of an object. In astronomy, it is customary to refer to this change using a dimensionless quantity called z. If λ represents wavelength and f represents frequency (note, λf = c where c is the speed of light), then z is defined by the equations: [21]
Assuming the Copernican principle (that the Earth is not the center of the universe), the only remaining interpretation is that all observable regions of the universe are receding from all others. Since we know that the distance between galaxies increases today, it must mean that in the past galaxies were closer together. The continuous expansion of the universe implies that the universe was denser and hotter in the past.
UKT 190617: Copernican principle: In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle states that humans, on the Earth or in the Solar System, are not privileged observers of the universe. [1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_principle 190617
If the Copernican principle were not correct, and if Earth - the place of high human intellect - were the centre of the universe, how shall we explain the Astronomical findings of the present day? Instead of going along this path - placing a high value on human intellect - the Catholic Church takes (to this day) differing approaches to promote its version of the Bible. See a downloaded paper February 2016: 400 Years Ago the Catholic Church Prohibited Copernicanism, by Maurice A. Finocchiaro, 2016
- FourHundredYr-CatholicChurchCoperican<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190626)
"This controversy will probably not end any time soon. This may be seen from Pope Francis’s [8] 2015 encyclical Laudato Si’, with its focus on climate change [9]. Whatever its merits, it could be criticized for having failed to learn, from the Galileo affair, the lesson that the Church [3] should be wary of interfering in scientific matters [10].Don't go to Hindu websites: they'll say the modern astronomical findings were already alluded to in the Vedas. However, I must note that the Vedas has been rewritten again and again by Brahmin Rishis
{braah~ma.Na. poaN~Na:} that Gautama Buddha had a low opinion of the latter Rishis
"In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the Mahavagga (I.245) [14] section the Buddha pays respect to these rishis by declaring that the Veda in its true form* was
becameknowndeclaredto them (UKT: became due to the yogic practice - not by grace of any axiomatic god) "Atthako (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vâmako, Vâmadevo, Vessâmitto (Visvamitra){waiþ~þa mait~ta. ra.þé.}, Yamataggi, Angiras, Bhâradvâjo, Vâsettho (Vashistha) Vâsettho**, Kassapo (Kashyapa), and Bhagu (Bhrigu) " [15] and because that true Veda was altered by some priests he refused to pay homage to the altered version. [16] - Wikipedia.
Animation on the right: Principle of Particle acceleration: from:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator 190616
Large particle accelerators can replicate the conditions that prevailed after the early moments of the universe, resulting in confirmation and refinement of the details of the Big Bang model. However, these accelerators can only probe so far into high energy regimes. Consequently, the state of the universe in the earliest instants of the Big Bang expansion is still poorly understood and an area of open investigation and speculation.
The first subatomic particles to be formed included
[electrically charged]
protons 0p+,
neutrons 0n°,
and electrons 0e-.
[UKT ¶]
Though simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. [UKT ¶]
UKT 190618: There are two terms that can confuse you: isotopes and allotropes.
"The main difference between allotropes and isotopes is that allotropes are defined at their molecular level whereas isotopes are defined at their atomic level." - https://pediaa.com/difference-between-allotropes-and-isotopes/ - 190618
The majority of atoms produced by the Big Bang were hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. [UKT ¶]
Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during supernovae.
UKT: The fusion reaction depicted on the right can be represented:
1H2 + 1H3 --> 2He4 + 0n1
subscript shows the atomic number, and the superscript show atomic mass.
Hydrogen has 3 isotopes: 1H1 , 1H2 (deuterium - non-radioactive), and 1H3 (tritium - radioactive)
The Big Bang theory offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including: [9] [UKT ¶]
• the abundance of light elements, [ hydrogen, helium, lithium]
• the CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background 190619
"CMB is landmark evidence of the Big Bang origin of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma."¤ See the following two together:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_four_fundamental_states 190620
- https://www.nhp.gov.in/fundamentals-of-ayurveda_mtl 190620
UKT 190620: According to my analysis, the Four States (Science) and the Five Elements «panchamahabhuta» of Ayuvéda:
- Solid or «pithvi»{pa.hta.wi};
- Liquid «AP»{a-pau:};
- Gas{wa-yau:},
- Plasma «teja»{té-zau:} - ions such as H+ (proton), OH- (electron), etc.
- Life Force «akasha»{a-ka-þa.}
Caveat: My analysis is based on Linguistics, and maybe utterly flawed. Traditionally, «teja»{ag~gi} for Fire, I suggest that «teja»
• Hubble's Law. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law 190620
"Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, [1] is the observation in physical cosmology that:
1. Objects observed in deep space — extragalactic space, 10 megaparsecs (Mpc) or more
----- -- are found to have a redshift, interpreted as a relative velocity away from Earth;
2. This Doppler shift-measured velocity of various galaxies receding from the Earth is
----- approximately proportional to their distance from the Earth for galaxies up to
----- a few hundred megaparsecs away. [2] [3]
Hubble's law is considered the first observational basis for the expansion of the universe and today serves as one of the pieces of evidence most often cited in support of the Big Bang model. [4] [5] The motion of astronomical objects due solely to this expansion is known as the Hubble flow. [6] "
The framework for the Big Bang model relies on Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity and on simplifying assumptions such as homogeneity and isotropy of space. The governing equations were formulated by Alexander Friedmann, and similar solutions were worked on by Willem de Sitter. Since then, astrophysicists have incorporated observational and theoretical additions into the Big Bang model, and its parametrization as the Lambda-CDM model serves as the framework for current investigations of theoretical cosmology. The Lambda-CDM model is the current "standard model" of Big Bang cosmology, consensus is that it is the simplest model that can account for the various measurements and observations relevant to cosmology.
UKT 190618:
UKT 190618: Watch a video on What is a Singularity from World Science U in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries, in Science section:
- WhatASingularity<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 7.18 MB (link chk 190614)
Extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. [24] This singularity indicates that general relativity is not an adequate description of the laws of physics in this regime. Models based on general relativity alone can not extrapolate toward the singularity beyond the end of the Planck epoch.
This primordial singularity is itself sometimes called "the Big Bang", [25] but the term can also refer to a more generic early hot, dense phase [26] [notes 1] of the universe. In either case, "the Big Bang" as an event is also colloquially referred to as the "birth" of our universe since it represents the point in history where the universe can be verified to have entered into a regime where the laws of physics as we understand them (specifically general relativity and the standard model of particle physics) work. Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae and measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, the time that has passed since that event — otherwise known as the "age of the universe" — is 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years. [27] The agreement of independent measurements of this age supports the ΛCDM model that describes in detail the characteristics of the universe.
Despite being extremely dense at this time — far denser than is usually required to form a black hole—the universe did not re-collapse into a black hole. This may be explained by considering that commonly-used calculations and limits for gravitational collapse are usually based upon objects of relatively constant size, such as stars, and do not apply to rapidly expanding space such as the Big Bang.
The earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation. In the most common models the universe was filled homogeneously and isotropically with a very high energy density and huge temperatures and pressures and was very rapidly expanding and cooling. Approximately 10−37 seconds into the expansion, a phase transition caused a cosmic inflation, during which the universe grew exponentially during which time density fluctuations that occurred because of the uncertainty principle were amplified into the seeds that would later form the large-scale structure of the universe.[28] After inflation stopped, reheating occurred until the universe obtained the temperatures required for the production of a quark–gluon plasma as well as all other elementary particles. [29] Temperatures were so high that the random motions of particles were at relativistic speeds, and particle–antiparticle pairs of all kinds were being continuously created and destroyed in collisions. [7] At some point, an unknown reaction called baryogenesis violated the conservation of baryon number, leading to a very small excess of quarks and leptons over antiquarks and antileptons—of the order of one part in 30 million. This resulted in the predominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe. [30]
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UKT 190622: As a Theravada Buddhist, in the narrowest sense of the description, and as a scientist, I have to come to terms with with the Big Bang Theory. It is just a theory which is still being tested. Some ideas in it will be modified, and further investigated and if they cannot explain the observational, experimental, and mathematical findings may be ultimately thrown out. However, can we do that with our religions? Because I have to scrutinize my own views on Buddhism, narrowing them down to the very first sermons of the Buddha, and to examine my own views on Life and Death. Remember, I am an old man past 85, who my grandson Maung Kan Tun used to tease - an old senile grandfather - looking into very Jaws of Death !
As a description of the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy. [141] [142] As a result, it has become one of the liveliest areas in the discourse between science and religion. [143] Some believe the Big Bang implies a creator, [144] [145] and some see its mention in their holy books, [146] while others argue that Big Bang cosmology makes the notion of a creator superfluous. [142] [147]
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