TIL

Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus

p069-2.htm

• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg; 1929.
- Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
- https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton, pp. 627.
- FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary , by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).  Downloaded copies in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> / bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
•  Pali-Myanmar Dictionary (in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
- HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190624)

Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL). Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL  Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR 
 - http://www.tuninst.net , www.romabama.blogspot.com 

MC-indx.htm | Top
MCpp-indx.htm

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{ku.} कु  
  {ku.ka.} कुक  / {koak}
  {ku.hka.}  कुक्ष «kukṣa»  : Don't expect Regular Kha: we are not finished with Ka yet. You'll see only the Pseudo Kha. 
  {ku.ga.} कुग
  {ku.gna.} कुङ / {koän} कुं

  {ku.sa.} कुच 
  p069c2
  {ku.ña.} कुञ / {kíñ} --> {ñ~sa}
  {ku.ña.} कुञ / {kíñ} --> {ñ~za}

UKT 200227: I need to compare the above two with Bur-Za and Mon-Za .
Note: I have coined the word Pseudo-Kha and Pseudo-Za, when I came across क्ष (= क ् ष) and ज्ञ (= ज ् ञ) in Skt-Dev

  {ku.Ta.} कुट
  {ku.Ti.} कुटि
  {ku.Tu.} कुटु
  p069c3
  {ku.HTa.} कुठ - different from {koaT~HTa.} (= ) :
  {ku.ða.} कुड
  {ku.Na.} कुण

  {ku.ta.} कुत

Skt Roots: entered below:
Whit019: √ku, see √kū ; √kuc, kuñc, 'shrink, curl'; √kuñj, 'rustle'; √kuṭṭ, 'divide, crush';
See: • p069c2-b08/ not online
कुञ्ज [kuñg ]
- i. p. rustle, roar

UKT notes :
• Checking the peak vowel with coda consonant  
  - back close-vowel /ku/  with /k/ killed-consonant of the same kind
• Common expressions of measures
• Dialectics
• Human-Naga
• Laceration vs puncture wound
• Lak-htoat
• Tantric Awakening
• Vidarbha  : Marathi: विदर्भ  {wi.dar~Ba.}

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{ku.} कु

√ku, see √kū . - Whit019

• p069c1-b16/ not online
कु [ ¹. ku ]
- v. कू [kû]

• p069c1-b17/uchg p055- कु
कु [ ². ku ]
Skt: कु [ ². ku ] - f. earth, land, ground. - Mac069c1
IPal: {ku} - a prefix meaning bad, inferior, wicked; f. the earth. - UPMT-PaliDict075

• p069c1-b18/uchg p055-कु 
कु [ ³. ku ]
- the class of gutturals (gr.).

• p069c1-b19/uchg p055-कु 
कु [ ⁴. ku ]
- prn. st. in ku-tas &c.; °--, bad, in significant; badly, very;
  -kanyakâ, f. bad girl; -karman, n. wicked deed;
  -kalatra, n. bad wife; -kavi, m. bad poet, poetaster;
  -kâvya, m. bad poem; -kutumbinî, f. bad house wife;
  -kritya, n. infamous deed, wickedness.

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{ku.ka.} कुक

• p069c1-b20/ not online
कुकुर [kukura]
- m. pl. N. of a people
   UKT 200226. See my note on Human-Naga

• p069c1-b21/ not online
कुकूल [kukûla]
Skt: कुकूल [kukûla] - chaff - Mac069c1
Skt: कुकूल «kukūla» - m.n. chaff, conflagration or fire made of chaff. n. hole filled with stakes, amour, mail - SpkSkt

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{koak}

UKT 140324: See my note on checking the nuclear vowel with consonants
- back close-vowel /ku/ with /k/ killed-consonant of the same kind
-->  /koak/ rhyming with <cloak> not <coat> when pronouncing words derived from English: coda k is silent in Irrawaddy dialect.

UKT 200226: In this dictionary you'll come across lead-entries that are from Pali, which will eventually be spelled in Devanagari. These lead entries are marked with white bullets ¤ . These will eventually be transcribed in Devanagari.

¤ «kukkucca»
IPal: «kukkucca» - n. worry, remorse; °{cāyati} - v. to be worried - UPMT-PalDict075
Skt: कौकृत्य «kaukṛtya» - n. repentence - SpkSkt
BPal: {koak~koac~sa.} - UHS-PMD0322c2
  UKT from UHS: n. evil, bad habit, remorse, anxiety, suspicion

UKT 200226: The equivalent of Pali {koak~koac~sa.} «kukkucca» 'worry, remorse' is one of the mental sufferings affecting mankind which can ultimately lead to insanity. See:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukritya 200226
"In the Theravada Buddhist tradition, kukkucca is defined as worry or remorse after having done wrong; it has the characteristic of regret. [1]

• p069c1-b22/uchg p055- कुक्कुट
कुक्कुट [ kukkutá ] = क ु क ् क ु ट
- m. cock: î, f. hen;
  -ka, m. son of a Nishâda and a Sûdrâ.

UKT 171222: From: http://bhagavata.org/glossary/index.html 171222:
"Nishâda: see B â h u k a."
--> " Bâhuka: Churned from the legs of king V e n a was Bâhuka (the dwarf) born. He had copper-like hair and was called 'Just sit down here' or Nishâda. From him the Naishâdas are known living in the hills and forests, feared because, being born from V e n a they had taken the sins upon them of Vena (see SB 4.14: 43-46)."
--> "Vena: the demoniac son of king A n g a and father of king P r i t h u (see 4.14). "
--> "Prithu Mahârâja: an empowered incarnation of Lord K r i s h n a who demonstrated how to be an ideal king (see 4.15-23). "

• p069c1-b23/uchg p055-कुक्कुर 
कुक्कुर [ kukkura ]
- m. dog; î, f. bitch.

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• कुक्ष {ku.kSa.} : Pseudo Kha {ku.hka.}
Skt: कुक्ष «kukṣa» - n. belly - SpkSkt

• p069c1-b24/uchg p055- कुक्षि
कुक्षि [ kuk-shí ] = क ु क ् ष ि
Skt: कुक्षि [ kuk-shí ] - m. [√kus] belly; womb; cavity, cavern; valley; bay:
  -ga, m. son. 

© कुक्षि [ kuk-shí ]
Skt: कुक्षि [ kuk-shí ] - m. [√kus] belly; womb; cavity, cavern; valley; bay: -- Mac069c1
Pal: «KUCCHI» - mf  belly, cavity, hollow, interior - Childers-PLD210c2
IPal: «kucchi» - mf. the belly, womb, cavity, interior - UPMT-PD075
BPal: {koac~hsi.} - UHS-PMD0323c2
  UKT from UHS: mf. belly, womb

• p069c1-b25/ not online 
[kukshî]
- f. = kukshí

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{ku.ga.} कुग

• p069c1-b26/uchg p055-कुगृह
कुगृह [ ku-griha ]
- m. pl. bad housewife;
  -gehinî, f. id.;
  -grâma, m. wretched village.

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{ku.gna.} कुङ / {koän} कुं

UKT 170303, 190113: r1c5 & r2c5 are not true nasals. In particular, that r1c5 /ŋ/ has some elements of /g/ in its pronunciation. I've classed it as semi-nasal. I came to that conclusion after studying Mon-Myan Peguan dialect, which according to early European observers had no /g/-sound (usually ascribed to Bur-Myan {ga.}). The /g/-sound is only to be found in r1c5 {gna.}/ {ng}. This gives rise to the fact that in both Pali and Sanskrit r1c5 {gna.}/ {ng} can only occur in the coda as Kinsi-sign {ín~:} giving rise to a difficult-to-pronounce phoneme  and grapheme {koán} because of which it is written in The'the'tin {þé:þé:tín} aka dot-above form: {koän} .

• p069c1-b27/uchg p055-कुङ्कुम
कुङ्कुम [ kuṅ-kum-a ]
- n. saffron (a kind of crocus):
  -paṅka, m. saffron ointment.

© कुङ्कुम [ kuṅ-kum-a ]
Skt: कुङ्कुम [ kuṅ-kum-a ] - n. saffron (a kind of crocus) - Mac069c1
BPal: {koän~ku.ma.} - UHS-PMD0323c1
  UKT from UHS: Goan'ga'mûn {koän-ku.män} saffron (see also MLC MED024c2

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{ku.sa.} कुच

√kuc, {koac}, √kuñc, 'shrink, curl'. - Whit019

UKT 190411: The digraph ñc is {ñ~ca}.

• p069c1-b28/ not online
कुच् [ kuk ]
- vi. p. kuka , kuñk , vi. â . kuñka , contract, bend (int.):
  pp. -ita , contracted ; bent, curved; curly.
  sam-â , cs. pp. contracted, oblique; suppressed.
  ud , cs. pp. utkokita , ...

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p069c2

• p069c2-b01/uchg p055-कुच
कुच [ kuk-a ]
- m. (du.) female breast.

• p069c2-b02/uchg p055-कुचन्दन
कुचन्दन [ ku-kandana ]
- n. red sandal;
  -kará, a. roaming about; vicious; m. bad man;
  -karitra, n., -karyâ, f. bad conduct;
  -kela, n. poor garment, rags; a. ill-clad:
  -tâ, f. abst. ɴ.

• p069c2-b03/uchg p055-कुज 
कुज [ ku-ga ]
- m. son of earth, ep. of the planet Mars:
  -dina, n. Tuesday;
  -gana, m. bad man or people;
  -ganman, m. ¹. man of low birth, slave; ². son of earth, planet Mars; tree;
  -gîvikâ, f. wretched existence.

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{ku.ña.} कुञ / {kíñ} --> {ñ~sa}

• p069c2-b04/uchg p055-कुञ्चन
कुञ्चन [ kuñk-ana ] = क ु ञ ् च न = क ु ञ्च न
- n. contraction.

UKT 200227: I need to compare the above with Bur-Za and Mon-Za .
Note: I have coined the word Pseudo-Kha and Pseudo-Za, when I came across क्ष (= क ् ष) and ज्ञ (= ज ् ञ) in Skt-Dev

• p069c2-b05/ not online
[kuñk-i ]
- m. a measure = eight handfuls

See my note on Common expressions for measure . e.g. "eight handfuls". Though useful, such expressions are not useful in Science.
See: Units of measurements

• p069c2-b06/uchg p055-कुञ्चिका
कुञ्चिका [ kuñk-ikâ ]
- f. key.

• p069c2-b07/uchg p055-कुञ्ची
कुञ्ची [ kuñk-î ]
- f. caraway.

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{ku.ña.} कुञ / {kíñ} --> {ñ~za}

• p069c2-b08/ not online
कुञ्ज [kuñg ] = क ु ञ ् ज = ज्ञ Pseudo-Za
- i. p. rustle, roar

UKT 200227: I need to compare the above with Bur-Za and Mon-Za .
Note: I have coined the word Pseudo-Kha and Pseudo-Za, when I came across क्ष (= क ् ष) and ज्ञ (= ज ् ञ) in Skt-Dev

• p069c2-b09/uchg p055-कुञ्ज
कुञ्ज [ kuñg-a ] = क ु ञ ् ज
- m. copse, thicket; bower:
  -kutîra, bower;
  -vat, m. N. of a part of the Dandaka forest.

• p069c2-b10/uchg p055- कुञ्जर
कुञ्जर [ kuñga-ra ]
- m. elephant: --°, an elephant among = chief of, most excellent;
  î, f. female elephant.

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{ku.Ta.} कुट

√kuṭṭ

• कुट «kuṭa»
Skt: कुट «kuṭa» - mn. a water-pot, pitcher -- SktDict: Monier Williams
IPal: «kuṭa» - mn. a waterpot; *{dhārikā} - f. a maid-servant - UPMT-PED075
BPal: {ku.Ta.} - UHS PMD0324
  UKT from UHS: mn. water pot, mountain, hammer, tree

• p069c2-b11/ not online
कुट् [kut ]
- divide, break up

• p069c2-b12/ not online
कुटज [kuta-ga ]
- m. a tree (Wrightia antidysenterica )
  UKT 200227: See my note on Lak-htoat

• p069c2-b13/uchg p055-कुटरु
कुटरु [ kutáru ]
- m. cock.

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{ku.Ti.} कुटि

• p069c2-b14/uchg p055-कुटि
कुटि [ kut-i ]
- f. bend, curve (--°); hut, shed.

• p069c2-b15/uchg p055-कुटिल
कुटिल [ kuti-la ]
- a. bent, curved; crooked, winding; curly; going crooked ways, deceitful; adverse: -ka, a. winding; curly;
  -kesa, a. (î) curly-haired;
  -gati, a. going crookedly or stealthily; f. a metre;
  -gâ, f. river: -‿îsa, m. lord of rivers, ocean;
  -gâman, a. winding; capricious;
  -tâ, f. curliness; deceitfulness; -tva, n. id.; deviation from (-- °);
  -mati, a. crooked-minded, deceitful; -manas, a. id.

• p069c2-b16/uchg p055-कुटिलाशय
कुटिलाशय [ kutila‿âsaya ]
- a. having crooked aims.

• p069c2-b17/uchg p055-कुटिलिका 
कुटिलिका [ kutil-ikâ ]
- f. winding movement (on the stage).

• p069c2-b18/ not online
[kutilî-kri ]
- knit (the brow)

• p069c2-b19/ not online
कुटी [kutî ]
- f. = kuti

• p069c2-b20/ not online
कुटीर [kutîra]
- hut; sexual intercourse;
  i-kri , choose for one's hut or abode

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{ku.Tu.} कुटु

• p069c2-b21/uchg p055- कुटुम्ब
कुटुम्ब kutumba, ˚क [ -ka ]
- n. household; family; family property:
  -parigraha, m. household; family.

• p069c2-b22/uchg p055- कुटुम्बिन््
कुटुम्बिन्् [ kutumb-in ]
- m. householder, paterfamilias; member of a family; domestic; du. householder and his wife:
  -î, f. mistress of the house; female domestic.

• p069c2-b23/ not online
कुट्ट [kutt ] , x. p.
Skt: कुट्ट [kutt ] , x. p. kuttaya , crush, bruise, vi. lacerate - Mac069c2
Skt: कुट्टयति { कुट्ट् } «kuṭṭayati { kuṭṭ }» - verb10  to grind or pound, abuse,
  paw, fill, strike slightly, crush, multiply, bruise, censure - SpkSkt

lac·er·a·tion - n. 1. A jagged wound or cut. - AHTD
UKT 200227: Look into my note on Laceration vs. puncture wound.

• कुट्ट «kuṭṭa»
Skt: कुट्ट «kuṭṭa» - mfn. in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' breaking or bruising, grinding, etc. -- SktDict: MonierWilliams
IPal: «kuṭṭa» - n. a wall, fence, enclosure. - UPMT-PED075
BPal: {koaT~Ta.} - UHS-PMD0325
-
  UKT from UHS: m. powder

• p069c2-b24/uchg p055-कुट्््ट
कुट्््ट kutta, ˚क [ -ka ]
- a. crushing or grinding with (--°).

• p069c2-b25/uchg p055-कुट्््टन
कुट्््टन [ kutt-ana ]
- n. stamping; î, f. procuress.

• p069c2-b26/uchg p055-कुट्््टार 
कुट्््टार [ kutt-âra ]
- a. tearing, lacerating (--°); m. brawler.

• p069c2-b27/uchg p055-कुट्््टिनी
कुट्््टिनी [ kutt-inî ]
- f. procuress:
  -kapata, m. N. of a rogue.

• p069c2-b28/uchg p055- कुट्््टिम
कुट्््टिम [ kutt-ima ]
- n. levelled floor.

( p069c2-end)

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p069c3

{ku.HTa.} कुठ

UKT 140310: CAUTION : We have a look alike in Bur-Myan & Pal-Myan :
  {ku.HTa.} which is a conjunct {koaT~HTa.} (= )

• p069c3-b00/uchg p055- कुठार

• कुठार kuthâra, ˚क [ -ka ]
- m. axe; i-kâ, f. small axe;
  i-ka, m. wood-cutter.

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{ku.ða.} कुड

• p069c3-b01/not online
कुड् [kud ]
- kund , encircle

• p069c3-b02/uchg p055-कुडव 
कुडव [ kuda-va ]
- m. a measure and weight (=1/4 prastha).

UKT 151106: According to Inscriptions of Ancient Nepal, by D.R. Regmi, Abhinav Publish. 1983, New Delhi, "prastha" is a measure of grain. According to
- http://www.oocities.org/reldictionary/dictionary/page-M/measure-weight.htm 151106
  4 kudav = 1 prasth = 12 double handfuls
See my note on Units of Measurement
See downloaded paper on Ancient and Medieval Nepal, by D R Regmi डिल्लीरमण रेग्मी , 1952 in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF
- DRRegmi-AnciMedNepal<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200227)

• p069c3-b03/uchg p055-कुड्मल
कुड्मल [ kud-mala ]
- a. budding; m. n. bud; n. kind of hell:
  -tâ, f. closure (of bud or eye);
  i-ta, pp. covered with buds; closed like a bud.

• p069c3-b04/uchg p055-कुड्य
कुड्य [ kud-ya ]
- n. wall; â, f. id.

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{ku.Na.} कुण

• p069c3-b05/uchg p055-कुणप 
कुणप [ kúnapa ]
- n. corpse; carcase, carrion;
  a. (ápa) decomposing, stinking like carrion.

• p069c3-b06/uchg p055-कुणारु 
कुणारु [ kún-âru ]
- a. paralysed in the arm.

• p069c3-b07/uchg p055-कुणि 
कुणि [ kun-i ]
- a. id.:
  -tva, n. paralysis.

• p069c3-b08/ not online
[kunth ]
- pp. -ita , blunted, blunt; relaxed, jaded; ineffectual; dull.
  vi , pp. blunted

• p069c3-b09/uchg p055-कुण्ठ 
कुण्ठ [ kunth-a ]
- a. blunt; relaxed; dulled:
  -tâ, f. absence of feeling (in a limb);
  -tva, n. dulness, obtuseness;
  -a‿asma-mâlâ-maya, a. consisting of a series of blunt stones;
  -î-kri, blunt;
  -î-bhû, prove ineffectual.

• p069c3-b10/ not online
कुण्ड [ kund-a ]
- n., î, f. pitcher, jar, pot; scuttle; round cavity in the ground, round fire-pit;
  m. bastard of an adulteress;
  -ka, m. n. jar, pot, pitcher.

UKT 170315: The gloss "m. bastard of an adulteress" for कुण्ड «kuṇḍa» is interesting. Below, you'll see कुण्डलिनी «kuṇḍalinī» "n. coiled one, Hindu Dharma primal energy aka Shakti ". Kondalini कुण्डलिनी «kuṇḍalinī» is said to have the power to give you 'intense pleasure' similar to "intense sexual satisfaction" as a woman of loose character "adulteress" or prostitute could. See an excerpt from Tantric Awakening
See Tantric Awakening: a woman's initiation into the Path of Ecstasy, by Valerie Brooks
- https://books.google.com.mm/books? ...  200227

• p069c3-b11/uchg p055-कुण्डल 
कुण्डल [ kunda-la ]
- n. ring, esp. earring;
 -lin, a. wearing earrings; coiled; m. snake;
 î-kri, make into a ring, coil.

• कुण्डलिनी «kuṇḍalinī»
- n. coiled one, Hindu Dharma primal energy aka Shakti said to be located at the base of the spine.

• p069c3-b12/uchg p055-कुण्डाशिन््
कुण्डाशिन्् [ kunda‿âsin ]
- a. eating the food given by a kunda (bastard of an adulteress).

UKT 171223: A mother's sin should not be a smear on her son. The son of Amrapali - the courtesan - Vimala Kondanna by name became a Buddhist monk and a renowned elder. If only he had been a layman, what harm is there in eating food given by the kunda? See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrapali 171223

• p069c3-b13/uchg p055-कुण्डिका 
कुण्डिका [ kund-ikâ ]
- f. pot.

• p069c3-b14/ not online
[kund-ina ]
- n. N. of the capital of Vidarbha

UKT: See my note on Vidarbha : Marathi: विदर्भ  {wi.dar~Ba.}

• p069c3-b15/uchg p055-कुण्डोघ्नी 
कुण्डोघ्नी [ kunda‿ûdhnî ]
- a. f. hvg. a jar-shaped udder.

( end of old p069.htm )

Contents of this page

{ku.ta.} कुत

• p069c3-b16/uchg p055-कुतनय
कुतनय [ ku-tanaya ]
- m. bad son.

• p069c3-b17/uchg p055-कुतप
कुतप [ ku-tapa ]
- m. n. goat's hair blanket.

• p069c3-b18/uchg p055-कुतपस्विन््
कुतपस्विन्् [ ku-tapasvin ]
- m. bad ascetic;
  -tarka, m. bad dialectics, sophistry.

UKT 200228: Ever since my college days, as a budding scientist, I became fascinated with Dialectics - the art or practice of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments. See my note on dialectics below, and continue reading Dialectics of Nature, by Frederick Engels, 1883, in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
FEngels-DialecticsNature<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200229)

• p069c3-b19/uchg p055-कुतस््
कुतस्् [ kú-tas ]
- ad. = ab. of ka, from which? from whom? whence? sts. whither? why? often in drama before a couplet confirming a previous remark =for; how? how much less, to say nothing of;
  kutoxpi, (late) from some;
  kutas kid, id.; from somewhere:
  na-- , from nowhere;
  na kutas-kana, id.; in no direction.

• p069c3-b20/uchg p055-कुतस्त्य 
कुतस्त्य [ kutas-tya ]
- a. coming from whence? with api, of unknown origin.

• p069c3-b21/uchg p055-कुतापस
कुतापस [ ku-tâpasa ]
- m., î, f. bad ascetic.

• p069c3-b22/uchg p055- कुतुक
कुतुक [ ku-tu-ka ]
- n. [regard to the whence], curiosity; interest; eagerness for (--°).

• p069c3-b23/uchg p055-कुतूहल
कुतूहल [ kutû-hala ] = क ु त ू ह ल --> {ku.tu-ha.la.}
- n. [cry of whence], id.; pleasure, delight in (prati, lc. or --°);
 curious, interesting, or amusing object: in. eagerly, zealously:
  -krit, a. exciting curiosity, curious;
  -vat, a. inquisitive; interested; eager.

© कुतूहल [kutû-hala]
Skt: - n. [cry of whence], id.; pleasure, delight in (prati, lc. or --°); curious, interesting, or amusing object: in. eagerly, zealously: -- Mac069c3
BPal: {ku.tu-ha.la.} - UHS-PMD0326
-
  UKT from UHS: n. tumultuous happening

• p069c3-b24/uchg p055-कुतूहलिन्् 
कुतूहलिन्् [ kutûhal-in ]
- a. curious; interested.

• p069c3-b25/uchg p055-कुत्र
कुत्र [ kú-tra (-trâ) ]
- ad. = lc. of ka, in what? where? whither? what for?
  --‿api, (late) somewhere;
  --kid, =lc. in some--; somewhere: with neg. nowhere (also of direction);
  kutra-kid - kutra-kid, in one case -in the other, sometimes-sometimes.

• p069c3-b26/uchg p055-कुत्रत्य 
कुत्रत्य [ kutra-tya ]
- a. dwelling or coming from where?

• p069c3-b27/uchg p055-कुत्स
कुत्स [ kúts-a ]
- m. N. of various men;
  -ana, n. reviling, abuse; contempt; term of abuse;
  -aya, den. P. [ask as to the whence: kut(a)s ] abuse, blame; contemn:
  pp. -ita, contemptible; blameworthy;
  -â, f. abuse, blame: in. contemptuously;
  -ya, fp. blameworthy.

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UKT notes

Checking the peak vowel with coda consonant
- back close-vowel /ku/ with /k/ killed-consonant of the same kind

UKT 140325, 171222, 200226:

As the first step into the study of coda consonants having an influence on the nuclear vowel, we have to consider syllables formed with 4 corner vowels of the vowel quadrilateral:

front: {a.} /a/, {i.} /i/ 
back: {u.} /u/, {au:} /ɑ/ : with possibility some lip-rounding

UKT 190114: Bur-Myan usually ends {au:} /ɑ/ with emphasis. However, for checking it must be considered to be a short vowel (with duration of one eye-blink) like the rest of the corner vowels. However, this corner-vowel could very well be {ou} which is not present in Bur-Myan, but present in Mon-Myan.

We have already seen how these corner vowels as free vowels have been checked. Now we are in the process of looking at them as bound vowels in:

front:  {ka.}, {ki.} 
back: {ku.}, {kou} 

We are now at {ku.} which can be pronounced with a slight lip-rounding. However we must remember that with full lip-rounding the pronunciation changes to {kwu.} & {kwou} which are not realized in spoken Bur-Myan.

Myanmar akshara is like IPA, and it can be used to transcribe many sounds. However, the speakers of Bur-Myan (Tib-Bur language group) uses only some, whereas other speakers such as Mon-Myan (Aus-Asi group) uses others which I think is the result of using different sets of vocal muscles. The only way to teach speakers of one language to speak another language is to let them listen to authentic sounds, and let the ears of the listeners train their own muscles.

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Common expressions for measure

- UKT 140307, 170304, 171222:

"Eight handfuls" were a common expression for "some" measure. "Eight" need not be number 8. See it being used in the excerpt below from : The Life of Buddha, (original title: La Vie du Bouddha ), by Ferdinand Hérold, tr. by Paul C Blum (1922), at sacred-texts.com.
- AFHerold-LifeOfBuddha<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (180419)
on Ch 18, p049:

He approached the tree. On the side of the road, he saw Svastika, the reaper.

"They are tender, these grasses you are mowing, Svastika. Give me some grass; I want to cover the seat I shall occupy when I attain supreme knowledge. They are green, these grasses you are mowing, Svastika. Give
me some grass, and you will know the law some day, for I shall teach it to you, and you may teach it to others."

The reaper gave the Saint eight handfuls of grass.

"There stood the tree of knowledge. The hero went to the east of it and bowed seven times. He threw the handfuls of grass on the ground, and, suddenly, a great seat appeared. The soft grass covered it like a carpet."

In Bur-Myan, if we want to express a measure of for untold problems, we would say: "Problems amounting to 16,000". We do not actually count the number 16,000.

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Dialectics

UKT 200228:

Ever since my college days, as a budding scientist, I became fascinated with Dialectics - the art or practice of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments. First the dictionary meaning:

di·a·lec·tic - n. Abbr. dial. ¹. The art or practice of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments. ². a. The process especially associated with Hegel of arriving at the truth by stating a thesis, developing a contradictory antithesis, and combining and resolving them into a coherent synthesis. b. Hegel's critical method for the investigation of this process. ³. a. Often dialectics used with a sing. or pl. verb The Marxian process of change through the conflict of opposing forces, whereby a given contradiction is characterized by a primary and a secondary aspect, the secondary succumbing to the primary, which is then transformed into an aspect of a new contradiction. b. The Marxian critique of this process. ⁴. dialectics used with a sing. verb A method of argument or exposition that systematically weighs contradictory facts or ideas with a view to the resolution of their real or apparent contradictions. ⁵. The contradiction between two conflicting forces viewed as the determining factor in their continuing interaction. -- AHTD

Now read Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic 200229

"Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to "dialogue"), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. [UKT ¶]

UKT 200219: Whenever a Hindu Poannar (who believes in Atta - an axiom) came to argue with Gautama Buddha (who believes in Anatta), he refused to engage in useless arguments. He simply put forward his views and asked the Poannar what he thought of them.
See Dialectic: European and Asian varieties - Revised version of an article published as "Dialectic: East and West," Indian Philosophical Quarterly 10 (January, 1983), pp. 207-218.
- https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/ngier/dialectic.htm 200229

"Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric. [1] [2] Dialectic may thus be contrasted with both the eristic, which refers to argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument (rather than searching for truth), or the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique."

Now read: Dialectics of Nature, by Frederick Engels, 1883, in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
FEngels-DialecticsNature<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200229)
In chapter 6 is stated: "In every science, incorrect notions are, in the last resort, apart from errors of observation, incorrect notions of correct facts. The latter remain even when the former are shown to be false. Although we have discarded the old contact theory, the established facts remain, of which they were supposed to be the explanation."

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The Human-Naga

UKT 140310, 200226: Kukura , कुकुर [kukura], was a Naga chieftain (of Naga-worshipping peoples of Ancient India). See
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Kingdom 171222, 200226
"In the Mahabharata the Naga Kingdom is the territory of a hardy and warlike [1] tribe called Nagas. [2] They were also considered as one of the supernatural races like the Kinnaras."

See also the human-Naga's:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati 200226
"The Naga «Nāga» dynasty ruled parts of north-central India during the 3rd and the 4th centuries, after the decline of the Kushan Empire and before the rise of the Gupta Empire. Its capital was located at Padmavati, which is identified with modern Pawaya in Madhya Pradesh. Modern historians identify it with the family that is called Bharashiva « Bhāraśiva» in the records of the Vakataka dynasty.
"According to the Puranic texts as well as numismatic evidence, dynasties known as the Nagas also ruled at Vidisha, Kantipuri, and Mathura. All these Naga dynasties may have been different branches of a single family, or may have been a single family that ruled from different capitals at different times. No concrete conclusions can be drawn regarding this based on the available historical evidence."

Since Bur-Myan speakers of northern Myanmarpré, before Anawrahta's religious reforms in the 11th century AD,  were also Nag-worshippers, we should keep in mind that there might have been a connection between the two ancient peoples. See :
¤ Taung-thu-gyi Min (c. 956 to 1001 AD) aka Nyaung-U Sawrahan:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaung-u_Sawrahan 170303
King Taung-thu-gyi of Pagan is said to have erected on his cucumber plantation a huge statue of Naga as thanksgiving after he became king from being a simple cucumber farmer.
¤ Cult of Naga in ¤ Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism , by Maung (Dr.) Htin Aung, Religious Affairs Dept. Press. Rangoon, BURMA. 1981.
- flk-ele-indx.htm > ch07-cult-naga.htm (link chk 170303)

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Laceration vs puncture wound

- UKT 140323 

Always be careful of dictionary meanings. An English word can have more than one meaning, only one of which may be applicable to Sanskrit. Here we have <laceration> as an example. The word has two meanings.

From: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19616.htm 140323

A laceration is a wound that is produced by the tearing of soft body tissue. This type of wound is often irregular and jagged. A laceration wound is often contaminated with bacteria and debris from whatever object caused the cut.

A puncture wound is usually caused by a sharp pointy object such as a nail, animal teeth, or a tack. This type of wound usually does not bleed excessively and can appear to close up. Puncture wounds are also prone to infection and should be treated appropriately.

UKT 140323: Open sores oozing pus from lacerations giving out an unmistakable odour is a condition of advanced leprosy. With this little note I remember Dr. U Tha Saing, chief Leprosy officer of Union of Burma after Independence. Dr. U Tha Saing was one of my father U Tun Pe's personal friends. Dr. U Tha Saing was a dedicated doctor, and had  examined countless patients (without medical gloves which were very expensive) at Satthadaw clinic north of Rangoon on the Rangoon-Prome road. My father as the head of the Epidemic Mobile Team had to visit the clinic and the neighbouring village where the lepers had settled. My father and his team had to do the public health work and immunized the villagers many of whom were lepers. My father would never take me on his trips to Satthadaw.

While the power-hungry politicians in and out of the government were killing each other, and also the innocent civilians with arms, these unsung heroes like Dr. U Tha Saing had served their mother country well braving bullets and bayonets. Sad to say many medical personal (and others) lost their lives, or were maimed for life, while doing their duty to serve fellow countrymen. They also had to avoid, to the best of their ability, the ire of democratically elected government of U Nu which had issued specific orders to them not to give medicine or immunization against communicable diseases to the villagers living under insurgent control. Satthadaw was such a village only under government control in the day time, while from dusk to dawn the armed rebels had full control.

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Lak-htoat

UKT: There is confusion between Wrightia antidysenterica and Holarrhena pubescens . It has long been known in Indian Ayurvedic tradition. It is known in Sanskrit as «kuṭaja» or «ambikā» [1] and in Sinhala it is called වල් ඉද්ද (wal idda). It is also known as "white angel" in the Philippines. See Wikipedia:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightia_antidysenterica 170309 
The name of the tree in Bur-Myan is {lak-htoat-kri:}, the whole extract is used to treat amebic dysentery.
See Section 9: Para-Medicine and look for Myanmar Medicinal Plant Database, :
-- MP-Para-indx.htm > Agri2000-indx.htm > r6c3 {la.} entry 53-1417 (link chk 200227)
-- MP-Para-indx.htm > MP-LSR-indx.htm > r6c3 {la.} (link chk 170314)
¤ {lak-htoat} Alstonia scholaris   fam. Apocynaceae See also {taún-mu.ro:}
¤ {lak-htoat-kri:} Holarrhena antidysenterica fam. Apocynaceae
¤ {lak-htoat-þaim} Wrightia tomentosa fam. Apocynaceae

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Tantric Awakening

- UKT 170315, 200228

Ever since I've read about the Ari-monks of Pagan in pre-Anawrahta days, I became fascinated by the practice of Ari-monks. Because of their excesses King Anawrahta launched religious reforms in the eleventh century AD. Some, but not all, Ari-monks had adopted Tantric practices which are very much sex-focussed. It is exactly the opposite of Theravada Buddhism of present day Myanmarpré. It is known as Tantric Buddhism. Ari-monks were Burmese or Pyu monks who had arrived in Tagaung Kingdom centuries before the time of Gautama Buddha.

I opine that they had brought with them writing skill - the forerunner of the Myanmar script, and a forerunner the Burmese language. The speech of the Ari-monks then degenerated into the present day Pali-Myanmar, resulting in the loss of some phonemes. The words which begin with r1c5 and r2c5 phonemes were lost. However, these phonemes are still very much in use the colloquial Bur-Myanmar language.

From Tantric Awakening: a woman's initiation into the Path of Ecstasy, by Valerie Brooks
- https://books.google.com.mm/books? ...  200227

"... When the energy of two people combines into one, it takes on its own life. It creates a sensation very different from what arises when either person is using energy alone. There have been times during lovemaking when I physically cannot feel where my skin ends and my partner's begins.

"We combine our visualization of energy with breathing. As we inhale, we pull the energy upward into our bodies. As we exhale, we send the energy out into our partners. Both partners breathe in unison. We can rotate the inhalation and exhalation, such that when one person is inhaling, the other is simultaneously exhaling. When we breathe through the nose, we focus our minds. When we breathe through the mouth, we become more grounded in our bodies.

"Kundalini responds to the current of energy and breathing that we generate again and again through tantra. One day - after weeks or year - our kundalini will awaken. If we have properly prepared our minds and bodies for its activation, through other disciplines and with the instruction of a good teacher, kundalini will be a wonderful complement to our practice of tantra. Kundalini greatly increases the pleasure we feel because it gives us even more energy to draw from. Ideally, both partners will have awakened kundalini. Once that happens, look out, because will pour forth ... "

UKT 170315: I remember one meditation master (forgotten name) reminding me not to concentrate my mind on any point of the body below the navel. Theravada Buddhist meditation recommends only to concentrate on the feeling of touch of incoming and outgoing breath on the tip of the nostrils. This is Thamadi-concentration which done in excess can lead you astray - enjoying pleasures of mental powers. The aim is Nibbana or cessation of all Attachments - the opposite of the Hindu goal of wakening the Kundalini or primal energies. I've been warned by my meditation teacher, U Winiya from SunLun Vipassana group, to stop improving Thamadi-practice, and do only Wipassana-observation 'close examination of reality including my body-functions'. 
See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini 170315

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Units of Measurement in Ayuvedic System

- UKT 170314:

The Buddhist king, Asoka, of Magadha Empire, after banning animal sacrifices promoted the ancient medicinal system of Aryuvéda which in turn resulted in promoting the study of medicinal plants. At present I have no intention of going into the system, but for those interested in the subject, you will need to know the units of measurement. Being a chemist, I still need to know how good were the ancients in instruments, for without a good chemical balance small units of measurement are useless.

My judgment is based on my experience of repairing and setting up chemical balances of different kinds imported from UK, US and Soviet Union, at Rangoon and Mandalay universities. In Mandalay, I had the experience of repairing the most sensitive analytical balance of the period - a balance that can measure up to 4th decimal place. Common analytical balances of that period could measure up to 3rd decimal place. Common laboratory balances, known as technical balances measure up to 2nd decimal place. The inset pix from Wikipedia has pneumatic dampers. For balances without dampers we have to rely on the amount of swings of the pointer.

See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_balance 170314

Setting up a balance for research work can last a couple of hours. Laboratories in the US (in which I had worked) and other advanced countries have their balances set up and certified by specially trained persons sent by the company which make the balances. In Myanmarpré, we have to do it ourselves.

Ratti is the commonly used unit for expressing the weights of diamonds and other precious jewelry stones in Myanmarpré, and so I can rely on 1 RATTI = 125 mg. Weight expressions lower than RATTI are just figments of imagination. In Myanmarpré, the unit of weight measurement is Kyat . 1 kyat-weight = 16.3293 gram (based on MLC MED2006 append ii).

Weight measurement in the most ancient times, those of the Harappan civilization, 2600 - 1900 BCE., seems to be highly developed. Basic unit the weight is about 13.65 grams.
See Harappan Units of Weights - https://sizes.com/units/harappan_weights.htm 170315

See also Ancient Indian Weights by E. Thomas, 1874
downloaded files in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- EThomas-AnciIndianWeights<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190411)

From Ayur Times: https://www.ayurtimes.com/ayurvedic-measurements/ 170314

Ayurvedic Metric Units (Classical Units) :
  UKT 170315: Devanagari spellings from E. Thomas.

1 PARAMANU = 0.0016 mg; 1 DHAVANSHI (VANSI & TRASRENU) = 0.05 mg;
1 MARICHI = 0.32 mg; 1 LAL SARSHAP = 1.95 mg
1 TUNDAL = 15.62 mg; 1 DHANYAMASH = 31.25 mg

1 YAVA यव «yava» = 62.5 mg
1 RATTI रति «rati» = 125 mg

1 ANDIKA = 250 mg; 1 MASHAK (MASA) = 1 gram
1 SHAAN = 3 grams; 1 KOL = 6 grams
1 TOLA = 12 grams; 1 KARSHA  (1 KARSA) = 12 grams
1 SHUKTI = 24 grams; 1 PAL (1 PALAM) = 48 grams
1 CHHATANK = 60 grams; 1 PRASRTIS (1 PRASRTI) = 96 grams
1 CHHATAAK (CHHATAK) = 186 grams; 1 KUDAV (1 KUDAVAS) = 192 grams कुडव
1 MANIKA (MAANIKA) = 384 grams; 1 PRASTHA (PRASTH) = 768 grams
1 SER (SERA or SEER) = 960 grams; 1 ADHAKA (AADAK) = 3 Kg 73 grams
1 TULA = 4 Kg 800 grams; 1 DRONA (DRON) = 12 Kg 228 grams
1 SURPA (SHOORP) = 24 Kg 576 grams; 1 DRONI = 49 Kg 152 grams
1 BHARA = 96 Kg; 1 KHARI = 196 Kg 608 grams

Accepted measurements are given according to CHARAKA SAMHITA based on TOLA equivalent to 12 grams. There are slight differences in SARNGADHARA SAMHITA and other classical texts.

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Vidarbha

- UKT 140308

My interest in Vidarbha is because of its language connection to Naga नग «naga» and Pur पुर «pura» 'town'. The combined word can mean the "City of Nagas". An unusual geological feature is the almost round Lonar crater-lake which is now believed to be not of volcanic origin but of impact of an meteorite about 52,000 ± 6,000 years (Pleistocene). A new estimate has put the date much further to 570,000 ± 47,000 years.

From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidarbha 140308

Vidarbha (Marathi: विदर्भ {wi.dar~Ba.} is the eastern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra, comprising Nagpur Division and Amravati Division. Its former name is Berar (Varhad in Marathi). [2] [3]

From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati 171223

Naga Dynasty (or Nagas of Padmavati) (210 – 340 CE) was an ancient royal family of Central India that ruled Vidisha, Padmavati, Kantipur and Mathura. [1] The Naga kings are best known for their coins. [2] Several thousands of them have been found. [3]

From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmavati 171223
and : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmavati_Pawaya 171223

Padmavati Pawaya, a celebrated ancient city mentioned in Sanskrit classics and inscriptions.

Malatimadhavam of Bhavabhuti [1]], Harshacharita of Bana, [2] and Sarasvatīkaṇṭhabharaṇ a of Raja Bhoja. Bhavabhuti describes the city with tall mansions and temples with shikharas and gates, located between Para and the Sindhu rivers. ... It is also mentioned in inscriptions like the Kokkala Grahapati inscription of Khajuraho. [3] The inscription mentions that the city had rows of tall mansions. The dust used to arise because of running of strong horses. [4]

UKT 180419: The following on the ancient city of Padmavati, is an interesting article
http://silentpagesindia.blogspot.com/2015/04/visit-to-lost-ancient-city-of-padmavati.html#!/2015/04/ visit-to-lost-ancient-city-of-padmavati.html 180419

Padmavati may not be a familiar name today, but, to the Indologist, the very name serves as a reminder of the glory of the ancient Nagas who had flourished in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D. [UKT¶]

Padmavati was their magnificent capital city wherefrom they succeeded in the creation of a stable empire which included areas from Mathura in Uttar Pradesh to Ujjain and Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh. The Naga power grew after the fall of the Kushanas who earlier ruled from Mathura. Historians like K.P. Jaiswal credit the Nagas as being one of the first dynasties to raise the banner of independence against the Kushana rulers who had foreign origins. [UKT ¶]

Kushans of Mathura -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire 180419
"The Kushan Empire (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν ; ... Skt: कुषाण साम्राज्य «kuṣāṇa kamrajya»; BHS: «guṣāṇa-vaṃśa»; ... [8] was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of Afghanistan, [9] present-day Pakistan and then the northern parts of India at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great. [10] Kanishka was a great patron of [Mahayana] Buddhism; however, as Kushans expanded southward toward the Indian subcontinent the deities of their later coinage came to reflect its new Hindu majority. [11] [12] "

It was due to their efforts along with that of other Indian dynasties of the time that a phase of Hindu revivalism was initiated, which continued and strengthened during the rule of the Imperial Guptas.

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