ch04-5.htm
by U Kyaw Tun (UKT), Tun Institute of Learning,
http://www.tuninst.net
From Burmese Grammar and Grammatical Analysis
by A. W. Lonsdale, Education Department, Burma, British Burma Press, Rangoon,
1899. Copied by UKT and staff of TIL . Start: 2008 Aug.
Contents of this page
Formation of words (syllables)
Changing the peak vowel -- ch04-1.htm
Medials -- ch04-2.htm
Coda consonants -- ch04-3.htm
Syllables with coda consonants -- ch04-4.htm
Pali derived syllables with coda consonants
-- ch04-5
Second Table - conjunct endings (mostly Páli-derived words)
Conjuncts including Kinsi {kïn~si:} -- ch04-06.htm
UKT:
UKT notes -- note the author's Pali
transcriptions: á is used in place of ā , e.g., Páli for Pāli .
I am showing Lonsdale's transcriptions within Alt0171-Al0187: «...», e.g. «á»
(without slanting the character within)
• lateral consonants
Contents of this page
Contd from p024
Second Table: Showing the Permutations of Final Consonants and Vowels
as they occur in Burmanized Páli words.
(UKT: I still need to check the Páli spellings.)
[UKT: The above table spans bottom part of p.024 and the top part part of p.025.]
39.
{Ga.thût},
{la.thût},
{ha.thût}, and
{La.thût} occur only after the
triphthong
{ô}, and are always mute, that is, they do not make any change in the sound; as,
{môG:} «mô:»,
{ku.thôl} «ku-thô»,
{wi.grôh} «wi-gyô»,
{thi-hôL} «thí-hô».
{ya.thût} and
{ra.thût} are also mute after
{ô}; as ,
{koý} «kô»,
{mring:môr} «myin:mô».
{wa.thût} which is always mute, is now [UKT: since Lonsdale was writing,
the time-line must be 1899.] considered to be unnecessary;
hence it is only used occasionally as in
{thauw} «thaw», to indicate prolonged articulation. [{p025end}].
UKT: There are some points in connection with par.39 which should be commented:
• triphthong -- See my note on diphthong in ch03.htm because triphthongs can be considered to be special cases of diphthongs. In spite of what Lonsdale and other phoneticians say, I maintain that there are no diphthongs and triphthongs in Burmese. What they are calling "diphthongs" and "triphthings" are from the way the graphemes are written and not from the way the phonemes are pronounced.
•
• For
40. The vowel {a} before a final consonant has the same power as {a.}, as shown in the above table.
41. In the Burmanizing of Páli words in which
{ma.} occurs as final, the «anuthwátha» or
{thé:thé:ting} «the:the:tin» is often used in its stead, as in
{kän} which is from the Páli
{kam~ma.} .
UKT: Chapter IV has to be subdivided into smaller files to make the display faster. Para 42 is on the next file: ch04-6.htm .
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant 081020
Laterals are "L"-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made
somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one
side or both sides of the tongue.
Most commonly the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper
teeth (see dental consonant) or the upper gum (the alveolar ridge) just behind the
teeth (see alveolar consonant). The most common laterals are approximants and belong to
the class of liquids.
Laterals in various languages
English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/,
which in many accents has two allophones. One, found before vowels
as in lady or fly, is called clear l, pronounced as the
alveolar lateral approximant
[l] with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. The other
variant, so-called dark l found before consonants or word-finally, as in
bold or tell, is pronounced as the
velarized alveolar lateral approximant
[ɫ] with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part
raised, which gives the sound a [w]- or
[ʟ] -like resonance. In some languages, like Albanian, those two sounds
are different phonemes. East Slavic languages contrast
[ɫ] and [lʲ] but do not have a plain [l].
In many British accents (e.g. London English), dark
[ɫ] may undergo
vocalization through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of
the tongue the alveolar ridge, becoming a rounded back vowel or glide.
This process turns tell into something like [tɛ
ɰ.
A similar process happened in Brazilian Portuguese and in Old French, resulting in [w],
whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa.
Also in Polish historical [ɫ]
(spelled ł )
has become [w] even word-initially or between vowels.
In central and Venice dialects of
Vèneto intervocalic /l/ has turned into a semivocalic [e],
so that the written word la bala is pronounced [abae̯a].
Many aboriginal Australian languages have a series of three or four
lateral approximants, as do various dialects of Irish. Rarer lateral consonants
include the retroflex laterals that can be found in most Indic languages
and in some Swedish dialects; and the sound of Welsh ll,
the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/
that is also found in Zulu and many Semitic and Native American languages.
In Adyghe and some Athapaskan languages like
Hän
both voiceless and voiced alveolar lateral fricative occur, but there is no
approximant. Many of these languages also have lateral
affricates. Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral
fricatives or affricates, such as
Dahalo and Zulu but the IPA has no symbols for these sounds. However,
appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral-fricative belt to the
symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant (see below).
Failing that, a devoicing diacritic is added to the approximant.
Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant. However,
Tlingit is an exception, with
/tɬ, tɬʰ, tɬ’, ɬ, ɬ’/ but no
/l/. Tibetan has a voiceless lateral approximant, usually
romanized as lh, as in the name Lhasa.
Pashto has
retroflex lateral flap. [citation needed]. A large number of lateral
click consonants, 17, occur in
!Xóõ.
UKT: My wife Daw Than Than Tun and I have listened to many recordings of /ɬ/ and decided that it has the very sound of Burmese-Myanmar
{lha.}. Myanmars visiting Britain, on coming across the Welsh <LL> which most of the English-speakers could not properly pronounce, are surprised to find that this typical Welsh sound is our very
The following is by me - UKT
Laterals
Laterals are generally considered to be a special case, since physically
speaking they could be grouped among the fricatives and spirants.
[UKT: Differentiate between "spirant" and an easily mistaken word
"sibilant". "Spirant" coming from Latin
spīrāns spīrant-, present participle of
spīrāreto breathe -- AHTD]
[UKT: The term "spirant" covers both "sibilant"
exemplified by /s/ and "thibilant" by /θ/.]
They are called laterals since, during their production,
the back of the tongue makes contact with the hard palate while the front of the tongue
sinks down, channeling the air laterally around the tongue, down the side
(or sometimes both sides) of the mouth (Figure 3.25.) On the other hand,
for non-lateral articulations, the back of the tongue rests against the top molars,
and the air flows over the tongue down the center of the mouth.
UKT: Central/lateral dichotomy of tongue positions in production of consonants.
A central consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue. E.g. [k] as in <skin>, [z] in <zoo>, [n] in <plan>, etc.
A lateral consonant is a consonant in which air flows along the sides of the tongue rather than over its center.
(based on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_consonant 081020.) (The figures on the right from: http://www.unil.ch/ling/english/index.html). The following are examples of lateral consonants in Burmese-Myanmar:{la.}, we can say that the following conjuncts formed from
•{lya.} •
{lwa.} •
{lha.} •
{lhya.} •
{lhwa.},
The location of the lateral channel through which the air flows is unimportant: whether it is on the left, the right, or both sides of the mouth, the nature of the sound produced is unchanged.
There are two distinct types of lateral:
• Lateral
fricatives, where the articulation, requiring a great deal of muscular
tension, resembles that of the fricatives (except for the position of the tongue);
•
Non-fricative lateral, often called liquids, whose articulation is
very close to the spirants'.
Go back lateral-conso-note-b
End of TIL file
