Based on Phonetics
BG-indx.htm
A collection by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Tun Institute of Learning (TIL) and staff of TIL . Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR : http://www.tuninst.net , www.romabama.blogspot.com .
UKT 210120: My work is based on Phonetics, you'll see me poking fun at the English language following the trend set by George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950). Being Irish, he had a loving hatred for the English who had subjugated his native island Ireland in 1649–1653 by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell . Bernard Shaw caricatured Henry Sweet who published A Handbook of Phonetics, in 1877, as a character in his play Pygmalion which was made into a musical - My Fair Lady. Most of the authors of the grammars mentioned below could not have any significant knowledge of Phonetics. Before we launch into the dreary subject of grammar - which I'd hated with a passion - let's watch clips from My Fair Lady in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO
• Phonetics techniques in time of Henry Sweet
- zIntroEngMyFairLady1964<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 201117)
• Movie trailer
- zMyFairLady1964Trailer1<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 201117)When reading studies on Burmese language by English authors, keep in mind that they are struggling with a foreign tongue from an English-perspective. The old authors have no sense of Phonetics and Phonology . As a result, for example, they think we have aspirated sounds
lettersin our language. See my note on Aspiration and other misunderstandings on Bur-Myan language.
See also Basic Concepts in Linguistics, by T. Khan, 2019, in the TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- TKhan-ConceptsLing<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> 201219
UKT 210120: I have looked into his presentation. Since Dr. Tariq Khan, Central Inst. of Indian Languages | LDC - Dept. of Higher Education, I'd hope his ideas would be useful to me. However, there is no mention of "Abugida", "Akshara", or "Virama", in his paper. His work has not come up to my expectation.Now, read my notes on:
1. Burmese Phonology -
2. Phonetics and Phonology : Romabama Akshara Compounding Processes
2. Vowels - Soul of a language -
• Grammar of the Burman Language by F. Carey, 1814 
- CareyGram01.htm (link
chk 210203)
-
CareyGram02.htm (link chk 210203)
- CareyGram03.htm (link chk 210203)
(The whole book of 351 pages will be presented at least in 4 vols. But first,
I will present only Chapter 01 - Orthoepy /ˈɔːθəʊɛpi/
(pronunciation) and orthography /ɔːˈθɒɡrəfi/
(spelling).
Appendix on the right.).
The year 1814, is two years into the War of 1812-1815 when British Canada had to defend itself from the attacks by the United States, and 10 years before the British colonialists waged war on the Kingdom of Ava (Burma) in 1824. In a way, the study of Burmese language can be seen as a preparation by the British to invade a sovereign state. The British must learn a new language - the language of their intended victims. I praise the colonialists for their thoroughness. I wonder, how many of my forefathers had learned the English language.
UKT 201224: While discussing the above book, my good old friend from MLC, U (Dr.) Tun Tint mentioned an old book: A Dictionary: English And Burmese by Charles Lane , 1841, which I've duly downloaded and stored in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries.
- CLane-EnglishBurmeseDict<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 201224)
• Bumese Spelling Book by C. Bennett, 1862 - BennettSpellBk.htm
UKT 210114: Bennett gives unusual spellings for nasals, and {wa.} such as
,
Another work (in Burmese) with unusual spellings is on archaic words by MaungDaungSayadaw, presented by U Kumara, Pro-rector, State Religous University, Yangon, 2009.
• Grammar of the Burmese Language, by A. Judson, 1883
- JudsonGram1.htm /
JudsonGram2.htm /
JudsonGram3.htm
• Burmese Grammar and Grammatical
Analysis 1899, by A. W. Lonsdale
-
BG1899-indx.htm
¤ Lonsdale published another work in 1915 titled Simpler Burmese
Grammar which is not available to me in a suitable PDF format.
• Burmese Grammar, by James E. Bridges, 1915 - JEBridgesBurGramm.htm
• Preparations for a TIL Burmese grammar in English- by UKT
UKT 201103: the file names in the following group are misleading: I'll have to rename them.
From Western sources - BEPS01-1.htm / BEPS01-2.htm / BEPS01-3.htm - update 2019Dec
From my own sources - BEPS02.htm - update 2019Dec
TIL Grammar Glossary, my compilation from various sources - GramGloss-indx.htm
in alphabetical order.
¤ MLC Burmese Grammar (in Bur-Myan) -
UKT 191006: I'm going through MLC
grammar to help me with Lonsdale's. Available online from Wordpress.com. from
-
https://whiteboylearningburmese.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/bg-mlc-1-1.pdf
200929 ,
See downloaded pdf files in TIL PDF
libraries: HD-PDF-B and SD-PDF-B (link chk 191010)
1. bg-mlc-1-1. 2.
bg-mlc-1-2. 3.
bg-mlc-1-3. 4.
bg-mlc-1-4.
5. bg-mlc-2-5.
6. bg-mlc-2-6.
1.
bkp1. --- ---
2. bkp2.
--- ---- 3.
bkp3.---
---- 4. bkp4.
-- - --- 5.
bkp5.
--- ---- 6.
bkp6.
Ink-on-paper book available in TIL Research Library
in 3 volumes, 17 sections.
01.
{þûd~da} - p001;
02.
{ak~hka.ra} - p001 ;
03.
{wïn~ga.} - p038 ;
04.
{þa.ra. nhic-myo:} - p105;
05.
{þän praún:pra. þïn~ké-ta.} - p106;
06.
{byæÑ: ak~hka.ra lé:myo:} - p153 ;
07.
{byæÑ:mya: twè:sûp-poän} - p203
08.
{a.þût
mya:} - p205;
09.
{ba.ma sa.ka: hseín-ra þi.mhût-hpwè mya:} - p273
-----
{HTaan} (POA or Point Of Articulation);
-----
{ka.reíN:} &
{pa.yût} (MOA or Mode Of Articulation) - p284
----- Take note of another abbreviation, POS or
Parts of Speech, which you'll meet in
----- Tagging of Bur-Myan language. See TIL HD-PDF & SD-PDF libraries,
by
------ ¤ Phyu Hninn Myint, et. al. on POS
tagging : Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Postpositional Marker,
Particles and Interjection.
------ ¤ WinWin Thant, et. al. on
Function tagging
10.
{a.þän} (sound),
{sa.ka: þän} (human voice) - p349
11.
{sa.ka:loän:};
{poad};
{poad-su.} - p088, p368
12.
{poad}
- p369
13.
{wa-sïn~ga.} - p003, etc.
14.
{wa-sïn~ga. hseín-ra þi.mhût-hpwè mya:} - p298
15.
{wa-kya.}
- p032, p090, p146, p195, p392
16.
{wa.kya. hseín-ra þi.mhût-hpwè mya:} - p328
17.
{poad-hprût}
{poad-rûp}
etc.
UKT 200925: I'll have to extend the definition of Syllable into onset-vowel-coda as: Onset -
{sa.tæÑ} ; Nuclear-vowel -
{hsoän:þût}
UKT 191007: MLC Burmese Grammar definitions are mostly from vol.1 mod.1 bg-mlc-1-1. Page numbers are from consolidated ink-on-paper printed book. TIL scheme of one line corresponding to height 22 pix are adhered to.
I hate grammar, both Burmese and English, until I come across Grammar In Plain English (EGPE), by H. Diamond and P. Dutwin, 1977, when I realize that you can learn a language without going into formal grammar. Yet, I must learn formal Bur-Myan grammar before I can proceed with this topic.
See TIL version of Grammar In Plain English - EGPE-indx.htm - update 2019Oct
UKT 191010: I haven't looked into this for a long time: major update in 2000 July and a minor update in 2015July. The reason is simply frustration trying to teach English to Myanmar students who are firm in their belief that in order to learn a language, formal grammar is a requirement.
With regard to Bur-Myan
grammar, A. W. Lonsdale, in his Burmese
Grammar and Grammatical Analysis ,
Rangoon 1899, wrote:
¤ "The Burmese language is
constructed on scientific principles,
and there is no reason why its grammar
should not be dealt with also from a
scientific standpoint. But it may be safely
said that Burmese grammar as a science
has not received that attention it deserves.
¤ "With regard to the grammatical
treatises by native writers, ... not content
with merely borrowing the grammatical
nomenclature of the Pali language, ... assimilate
the grammatical principles of the uninflected
Burmese to those of the inflected
Pali; so that they produced, not
Burmese grammars, but modified Pali
grammars in Burmese dress."
¤ Bur-Myan Language: Speech and Script *-
BurMyan-indx.htm - update 2016Sep
includes the following:
- The Grammaticalization of Nominalizers in
Burmese, by Andrew Simpson,
Prof. of Linguistics & East Asian Languages
and Cultures, Univ. of Southern California.
¤ Learn Myanmar, Asia Pearl Travels, (the free online Burmese lessons),
by Naing Tin-Nyunt-Pu
https://www.asiapearltravels.com/language/intro_burmese.php 191007
"Myanmar grammar has a number of suffixes and ending words called
we1-but (postpositional markers) and
pyit-si3 (particles). Those suffix and ending
words are placed after a noun or a pronoun to show subject or object, and after
a verb to show tense or mood. Sometimes, they can modify the adjective into
verb."
MLC Bur-Myan definitions such as above are given in vol. 1, module 1:
{naam},
{naam-sa:},
{kRi.ya},
{na-ma.wi.þé-þa.na.},
{kRi.ya-wi.þé-þa.na.}, 
{wi.Bût},
{þûm~bûn-Da.},
{pic~sæÑ:},
UKT 161005: Bur-Myan language has a
very simple grammar. It can afford to be
simple - without tense, gender, number and
inflexion - because it uses a class of
suffixes known as
{wi.bût} and particles
{pic~sæÑ:} to build up words. These suffixes are named
"Nominalizers" by Andrew Simpson in his The
Grammaticalization of Nominalizers in Burmese, 2008.
• Nominals (linguistics)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics) 191007
"In linguistics, the term nominal refers to a category used to
group together nouns and adjectives based on shared properties. The motivation
for nominal grouping is that in many languages nouns and adjectives share a
number of morphological and syntactic properties.
• The
Grammaticalization of Nominalizers in Burmese, 2008
--
BurMyan-indx.htm >
Normalizer.htm (link chk 170309)
Downloaded paper in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries
- ASimpson-NormalizerBurmese<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200308)
"Burmese, a language which is particularly rich in nominalization structures and
where a highly informative picture of the results of the grammaticalization of
nominalizers can be found through a comparison of two different though
closely-related forms of the language: Colloquial Burmese and Literary
Burmese. A careful examination of synchronic patterns in Colloquial and
Literary Burmese provides evidence of the source and complex structure of
clausal nominalizers in the language, ..."
¤ Burmese for Foreign Friends
A teaching program by
U Kyaw Tun and Daw Than Than,
ver01, 1991, new ed. with sound files
- MLC Bur-Myan Orthography (MLC MO1986), ed. U (Dr.) Tun Tint, MLC,
1986,
¤ Precursor of MLC Myanmar
English Dictionaries, 2006 - the standard
edition used in my work
- Dictionary of Pali-derived Myanmar words
(in Bur-Myan) - UTM-PDMD
by U Tun Myint, Univ. of Rangoon
Press, 1968, pp 627. My older ref. was UTM-PDD.
- Thalun English-Myanmar Dictionary
- Thalun-EMD2003-xxxx
UKT 201104: Roots
A curious aspect of the Bur-Myan language are the verbal roots.
See: Grammar of the Burmese Language, by A. Judson, 1883 -
JudsonGram.htm
Judson gives in 1883:
§49. Simple derivatives are mostly formed from
verbal roots, by prefixing
{a·} [note the Romabama middle-dot representing
schwa /ə/ ],as
{a·lín:}
light, from
{lín:} to be light; but in composition the
{a·},
is commonly dropped; thus
{a·sa}
food, from
{sa:}
to eat, when combined with
{Ña.} evening, becomes
{Ña.sa} evening food, or supper.
Westerners started taking note of the Burmese roots early in the 19th century.
The first time I noticed this is in Carey in 1814
See:
• Grammar of the Burman Language by F. Carey, 1814 -
CareyGramBurmanLang.htm
In Appendix on p260, we find:
The Burman language is principally formed from certain roots, which the author
[Carey] has endeavoured to collect together in this appendix. As these roots
have never before been collected, some few may have been omitted, and others may
be found repeated more than once, owing to their having been written differently
by different authors; yet it is hoped, the attempt will not be condemned because
it has not attained a higher degree of perfection.
Should a second edition be required, the Compound roots will be added. But being found to be more numerous than was at first imagined, they must be omitted in the present edition, in which the chief aim has been to give a completed list of the simple roots, which during four years close labour, have been collected as the author met with them in the course of his Burman reading.
Below, is a randomly chosen page, and the last page of the book on Verbal roots.
Double-dot
{wic~sa.pauk} is curiously absent in many entries, e.g. -
{heín} (vow-duration 2 eye-blink) which is common in old spellings and
in continuous speech of Mandalay dialect. The modern spelling is
{heín:} (emphatic 2 blnk).
(p319)
• 
{þwèý} -
{lya.hkrín},
{weik-hkrín:}, run or proceed in one regular course, become small, branch off,
taper away, spin out.
• 
{þwa:} -
{la:hkrín}, move, go, depart
• 
{þwé} -
{lhwei:hkrín},
{rhaún-hkrín}, shun, turn off, turn on one side
•
{þwé:} -
{pwut-hkrín},
{teik-hkrín}, rub upon, sharpen, diminish by friction
•
{þwé:} -
{hsaún-hkrín}, do, perform, take, bear, carry
• 
{þwé.} -
{hkyauk-hkrín},
{hkûn-hkrín}, be dry, evaporate
The roots with an onset initial
{þa.} amount to 53, viz. those with the simple akshara
{þa.} to 40; and those with the medial compound
{þa.} to 13.
• 
{ha.} -
{hpwín.hkrín},
{lhic-hkrín}, open, widen the mouth
•
{hak} -
{lhi:hkrín}, cut off, cut through in an horizontal direction
•
{hín} -
{lín-hkrín},
{ma.rhi.hkrín}, open, be open, vacant
•
{hic} -
{au-hkrín},
{hic.au-hkrín},
{kywé:hkrín},
{kru:hkrín},
{kyau-hkrín}, make a noise, shout
(p319end)
(p351)-last page
{heín}
- 
{ma.rhi.hkrín},
{ma.ra.hkrín}, be destitute of some part or member, or of something essential
to life, be destitute of power or capacity to obtain an object. Thus, a woman
who is not able to procure a husband, or a man who is not able to procure a
wife, are said to be
{heín:}. [A tuskless elephant is called
{heín:hsín}]
Verbal roots with an initial
{ha.} (onset) amount to nineteen. The total number of simple vowel roots
amount to one thousand and eighty-seven.
(end of the book)
UKT: Preparations for a modern BEPS grammar
From Western sources - BEPS01-1.htm
/ BEPS01-2.htm /
BEPS01-3.htm -
update 2019Dec
From my own sources - BEPS02.htm -
update 2019Dec
UKT notes
• Aspiration
• Doggie's Tale
• Phonetics and Phonology
• Vowels - Soul of a language
Do not be misled by the word "Grammar". Grammar is primarily concerned with the spoken word or speech. So we must always think in terms of phonetics and phonology -- not the way we make marks on paper to represent the spoken word. When we are just studying only one language say Burmese, we easily forget the importance of the spoken word.
Now, what is the difference between Phonetics and
Phonology? Watch the following in TIL HD-VIDEO and SD-VIDEO libraries in
Phonetics section, by Dr. Jürgen Handke, Marburg Univ., Germany :
-
PHY101-PhoneticsPhonology<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
(link chk 191026)
And go to Phonetics which a relatively new study in the West - just about a
couple of centuries, whereas it has been studied extensively in the East,
particularly along the foot-hills of Himalayas extending into Myanmarpré for
thousands of years:
-
PHO101PhoneticsOverview<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
(link chk 191103) .
According to A. W. Lonsdale, the Bur-Myan akshara are distributed in the POA
groups as follows. See p.007-008 sec.14 -
ch02.htm (link chk: 190929).
• Velar [approx. Gutteral
{kûN~HTa.}] :
consonants:
{ka.},
{ga.},
/
{gna.}/{ng};
approximant:
{ha.};
vowel:
{a.},
{a}
• Palatal
{ta-lu.}:
consonants:
{sa.},
{za.},
/
{Ña.}/{Ña.};
approximants:
{ya.},
{I.},
{I}
[UKT note:
{I.} is
pronounced as
;
{I} as
{i}]
• Retroflex (Lingual or Cerebral):
{Ta.},
{ða.},
{Na.},
{ra.},
{La.}
UKT 121212, 160404, 161006: There are more interesting points to consider based on modern views and interpretations from Pal-Myan. Examples:
#1. Gutteral
IPA (International Phonetics Association) considers the POA of /k/ - for Eng-Lat - to be Velar, whereas some Eastern phoneticians take it to be further inwards - the Uvelar - like the Arabic /q/.#2. I've reconsidered the problem of Nya-major
/
{ña.}/{ñ} in r2c5 cell of the Akshara matrix in the light of killed consonants in the coda of the syllable CVÇ.
In Burmese,
In Pali it breaks up into
In the light of the killed aksharas, I've placed Nya-minor{þa.}/{þ} to the Velar-approximant cell.
#3. In order to include Eng-Latin and Skt-Dev, I have to accept the Fricative hisser
/
{Sa.}/{S} and Fricative husher
/
{sha.}/{sh} as BEPS basic consonants.
#4. The only way to differentiate the Palatal plosive-stop and Dental fricative hisser & husher is to consider the Bur-Myan glyph, Romabama, and Skt-Dev together:
Palatal plosive-stop :
{c} च्
Dental fricative hisser:
Dental fricative husher:
Caveat: Avoid using IAST and IPA transliterations when you are using Romabama transcription, remembering that Romabama is based on Bur-Myan phonology. As it is, Romabama transcription cannot be applied even to Mon-Myan. I expect it will also be inapplicable to Karen-Myan and Shan-Myanmar. However Romabama is applicable to Pali-Myan and to Skt-Dev to some extent.
UKT 201228:
The name of the first akshara letter of the Myanmar
akshara-matrix,
{ka.}, is usually given as Ka'gyi which is not correct.
Spelling-wise, which we hold to be perfect and more correct than speech, it is
Ka'kri. Thus I've to give the name based on meaning as Ka'major. I've been looking for Ka'minor which is probably to be
found in Mon-Myan which has a phonology different from Bur-Myan. For example
in row#1 of the akshara-matrix:
Bur-Myan:
{hka.},
{Ga.},
Mon-Myan:{gné}
The example given by Carey for pronunciation of
{hka.} as <brick-house> is not suitable. The word <brick> is one
syllable, and
<house> is a separate one. <kh> from k and h are not in
conjunction.
UKT 210106: Since it was only in 1875-1895, the term phoneme as an abstraction was developed by the Polish linguist J. N. Baudouin de Courtenay and his student M. Kruszewski, the idea of a boundary between syllables or phonemes could not have been known to Carey. For example in the word
{þic~sa}, a person who knows only about Alphabet-Letter system would think that the stacked Sa
{c~sa.} is a double-consonant. However it is not so in Burmese: and there is a slight pause in
. Romabama tries to correct this misunderstand using a color-scheme,
, or another device such as Mauk-cha
.
What is absent in English is
{ka.} /k/ and not
{hka.} /kʰ/. Both are voice-less (vl), but
{ka.} is tenuis-vl,
{hka.} is ordinary-vl, and
{ga.} is voiced (vd). Tenuis
{ka.} /k/ is realized in English only when preceded by dental /s/ as in
<skin>.
Bur-Myan does not have dental-fricative /s/. What it has is the palatal-stop /s/ which to Eng-Lat & Skt-Dev is /c/. Palatal-stop is absent in Eng-Lat. What Eng-Lat has is the palatal-affricate /c/: which is actually r2c2 - the ordinary-vl. Eng-Lat pretends it has r2c1 - the tenuis-vl giving rise to the fallacy of Bur-Myan having aspirates.
I must invent what Bur-Myan doesn't have: the Dental-fricative /s/
:
{Sa.}/
(S).
Remember to differentiate this from Palatal-stop /s/ or /c/ :
{sa.}/
{c} .
Now, comes in the Mother-of-all-Confusion, Skt-Dev. It has the full 5 basic consonants of :
row#1:
Yet, it must invent a conjunct for r1c2: क ् ष --> क्ष /ks/ vs. ख /kh/. And
I call क्ष - the Pseudo-Kha.
Similarly in row#2, Skt-Dev invents another conjunct for r2c4: ज ् ञ
--> ज्ञ - the Pseudo-Za vs. झ Regular-Za .
Go back Aspiration-note-b
UKT 210125: There are two terms represented by symbols in Phonetics: the
glottal stop /ʔ/ for final stops, and its correspondence /ɰ/ Dot-above
{þé:þé:tín} for final nasals.
From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_phonology 210125
See also Studies in Burmese Linguistics, by Justin Watkins, ed., 2005
- JWatkins-BurLinguist<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 210126
The glottal stop
/ʔ/ is the realisation of all four possible final
consonants:
{p}
/p/,
{t]
/t/,
{c}
/s/,
{k}
/k/, and the retroflex
/ʈ/ found in loan words. [UKT ¶]
UKT 210125: Wikipedia is simply wrong with
It has the effect of shortening the vowel and precluding it from bearing tone. This itself is often referred to as the "checked" or "entering" tone, following Chinese nomenclature. It can be realised as a geminate of a following stop, although this is purely allophonic and optional as the difference between the sequence /VʔtV/ and /VtːV/ is only in the catch, and thus barely audible. The primary indicator of this final is the impact on the vowel.
The final nasal
/ɰ̃/ is the value of the four native final nasals:
{m}
/m/, [Na-minor]
{n}
/n/,
{ñ}
/ɲ/,
{ng}
/ŋ/, as well as the retroflex [Na-major]
{N}
/ɳ/ (used in Pali loans)
UKT 210125: Wikipedia is simply wrong with r2c5 Nya-minor,
{ña.}/
{ý} which is a Velar not Palatal.
and nasalisation mark
anusvara demonstrated here above ka (
{ka.} →
{kän) which most often stands in for a homorganic nasal word medially as in
{tän-hka:} «tankhá» 'door', and
{tän-ta:} «tantá» 'bridge' or else
replaces final -m
{m} in both Pali and native
vocabulary, especially after the OB [Old Burmese: the language
of 11th-13th century inscriptions] vowel *u e.g.
{gnän} «ngam» 'salty',
{þoän:} «thóum» 'three; use', and
{hsoän:} «sóum» 'end'. It does not, however, apply to
{Ñ} which is never realised as a nasal, but rather as an open front vowel
[iː]
[eː] or
[ɛː]. The final nasal is usually realised as nasalisation
of the vowel. It may also allophonically appear as a homorganic
nasal before stops. For example, in
{moan-teín:}
/mòʊɰ̃dáɪɰ̃/ 'storm', which is pronounced
[mõ̀ũndã́ĩ].
Go back Burmese-phonology-note-b
Burmese-Myanmar speech has 5 nasals:
English-Latin has only two, /n/ & /m/.
The paucity of nasals in English is just
one of the obstacles of transcription
from Burmese to English.
Mnemonic: The Doggie Tale:
Little doggie cringe in fear --
ŋ (velar),
Seeing Ella's flapping ears --
ɲ (palatal)
And, the Shepard's hanging rear --
ɳ (retroflex).
Doggie so
sad he can't get it out
What's
that Kasha क्ष when
there's a Kha ख ?
And when
there's Jana ज्ञ what
am I to do with Jha झ?
On top of all there're the husher Sha श /ʃ/, and hisser Ssa ष /s/,
when I am stuck with Theta स
/θ/ !"
Little Doggie don't be sad,
You are no worse than a Celtic Gnome
Losing G in his name, he is just a Nome!
Note to digitizer: you can copy and
paste the following:
Ā ā ă Ē ē ĕ Ī ī ĭ Ō ō
ŏ Ū ū ŭ ː
Ḍ ḍ Ḥ ḥ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ
ḹ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ
Ṅ ṅ
Ñ ñ Ṇ ṇ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ
Ś ś Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ ɕ ʂ
• Instead of Skt-Dev ः {wic~sa.} use "colon" :
• Angle Brackets: ‹ › 〈 〉: these are different from key-board angle brackets < >
• Avagraha ऽ use apostrophe
• AngleBracket:
• Root sign √ ; approx ≅
• IAST Dev: भ आ इ ई उ ऊ
ऋ ऌ ऍ ऎ ए ऐ
ऑ ऒ ओ औ
च «ca» छ «cha» श
ś [ɕ] /ʃ/ ; ष ṣ [ʂ] /s/;
स s [s] /θ/ ;
ऋ {iRi.} & ॠ {iRi},
viram ् , rhotic ऋ ृ
• Skt-Dev Row #3: ट ठ ड ढ ण ;
conjunct ट ् ठ
= ट्ठ
• Skt-Dev special phonemes: Ksa क ् ष
= क्ष
• Undertie in Dev transcription: ‿ U203F
• Using ZWNJ (ZeroWidthNonJoiner), e.g. ,
क्ष
(code: क्‌ष)
See Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner 150630
• IPA-, Pali- & Sanskrit nasals: ŋ ṅ ṅ ,
ɲ ñ ñ , ɳ ṇ ṇ, n n n , m m m
Pali- & Skt {þé:þé:ting}: aṁ , aṃ
• IPA symbols:
ɑ ɒ a ɐ ə ɛ ɪ ɯ ʌ ʊ ʃ ʧ ʤ θ ŋ ɲ ɳ
ɴ ɔ ɹ ʔ ɰ /ʰ/ /ʳ/ /ː/
<king> /kɪŋ/ (DJPD16-300)
<church> /ʧɜːʧ/ (DJPD16-097)
<success> /sək'ses/ (DJPD16-515)
<thin> /θɪn/ (DJPD16-535),
<thorn> /θɔːn/
(DJPD16-535)
circumflex-acute :
ấ U+1EA5 , ế U+1EBF
upsilon-vrachy ῠ
small-u-breve ῠ ŭ
Go back Dog-tale-note-b
- UKT 201229
From: Geoffrey Finch , 2000 , in Linguistic Terms and Concepts. Palgrave Study Guides.
Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27748-3_3 201229
Phonetics and phonology are concerned with the study of speech and, more particularly, with the dependence of speech on sound. In order to understand the distinction between these two terms it is important to grasp the fact that sound is both a physical and a mental phenomenon. Both speaking and hearing involve the performance of certain physical functions, either with the organs in our mouths, or with those in our ears. At the same time, however, neither speaking nor hearing are simply mechanical, neutral processes. We endow the sounds we make and hear with meaning. They have a mental, or cognitive existence as well as a physical one. Another way of putting this is to say that sounds are psychologically, as well as physically, real. Psychological reality is important in linguistics. Sometimes things can be psychologically real without having any real-world correlates. So, for example, most people will idealise their own speech and hear themselves speaking perfectly clearly and accent-neutral when in fact the reverse is the case.
UKT 210204: Whatever the case may be, we have to use certain tools, such as analyzing speech sounds by instrumental analysis of sound waves that we generate to make speech - formants. Moreover, in a study of a specified group of languages, put together by the course of history such as BEPS, we have to come up with certain rules, such as Romabama rules and processes, to bring some sense into our study. I've come to recognize the following set of processes in studying how English speakers had our Burmese language from the point of view of English speech. A newly found set of processes is:
Romabama Akshara Compounding Processes
UKT 210204: The term "compounding letters" mean combining two aksharas into one. In Romabama we have the following processes: The can be:
Process#1 - vowel + another vowel, e.g.,{u.} -->
{o}
Process#2 - consonant + a vowel, e.g.{ki.}
Process#3 - consonant + another consonant, e.g.{kya.}
With consonant and an ordinary consonant we can get a mute combination known as conjunct such as{k~ya.}, or with an approximant called a medial former, we can get a medial such as
Go back Phonetics-and-Phonology-note-b
UKT 210113:
The Vowels are the Soul of a language. They are produced down in the throat
in the area of the Adam's apple. They are continuous sounds.
Try producing
{a} /a/,
{i} /i/,
{u} /u/,
{au} /ɔ/ or /ɑ/, with your nose while keeping the mouth shut and lips
pressed together. It is like humming a song, which can convey a message.
See Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humming 210125.
Humming is not speaking -- by humming, you are making music. I've heard of Chin nose singers, but when I search on the net, I could only get the one playing her flute with her nose only.
We make the vowels do many
actions together with the consonants. I differentiate
different kinds of actions on the vowels:
• killing the Inherent vowel of Akshara by Virama,
- e.g.
{pa.} -->
{p};
{ta.} -->
{t};
{ka.} -->
{k}
An important rule on killing: In Bur-Myan, we usually kill the tenuis consonants, c1, and nasal consonants, c5, and some approximants, r6 and r7, to check the nuclear vowel. Thus, we can have only
{w}
• stopping or checking the nuclear vowel of CVÇ syllable, such
{a.}, as by killed stops:
- e.g. by
{p} --> {ûp}; by
{t} -->
{ût}; by
{k} -->
{ak}
• checking the nuclear vowel by killed stops:
- e.g.
{i.} by
{t} -->
{ait} (similar to English <ate>)
• checking the nuclear vowel by killed approximants and killed nasals
An important rule about checking: In Bur-Myan, only those vowels with the shortest time of duration may be checked.
Many English words have silent e at the end. Romabama, following IPA, does
not use silent e , but it is recognise that many Romabama transcriptions can
be made simple by using it.
See
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_e 210116
• The CVÇ syllable, can be viewed as made up of C (onset) and VÇ (rime). See
Rime vs Rhyme below:
"Rhyme is much broader, in
that many words can have the same sounds and not necessarily be part of the
same word family or spelt using the same letters. So, in a nutshell.
Rhyme relates to phonemic awareness (what we HEAR) and rime
relates to phonics (the letters that are used to make the sound) - Google
Search - May 19, 2019. retrieved 210118
Go back Vowels-Soul-of-language
End of TIL file
