p047-1.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
MC-indx.htm |
Top
MCpp-indx.htm
On this page, you will meet words such as: ईक्ष् , ईङ् , ईञ् , ईड् , ईर् , ईश् , ईष् , ईह् . Note the hook that looks like the{a.þût} aka virama, on both (
{i} /
{I}) the Myanmar-pair and, (इ (short vowel)/ ई (long vowel)) Devanagari-pair. However, it is not
However, there is virama ् on the second akshara. Its presence means that the second akshara is a killed-akshara. It is this killed-akshara that is checking the long vowel /iː/ (note IPA triangular colon). It gives a monophthongal pronunciation.
In Bur-Myan, it is mostly the short vowel /ɪ/ that is checked. In common English, it amounts to inserting a "magic E" at the end of the syllable, e.g. mat --> mate . IPA does not use magic E. This is based on the fact that most European languages, do not use "magic E". Romabama is following the IPA and most of the European usage.
Remember the proper spelling is with vowel-letter
{i-za.} /
{I-za.}
{i} /
{I} - the long-vowel of 2 blnk duration:
the short-vowel of 1 blnk duration is
{i.} /
{I.}
p047-1c1
{i-kSa.}
: Pseudo-Kha
{i-nga.} : Kinsi
p047-1c2
{i-za.}/
{I-za.}
{i-ða.}/
{I-ð}
{i-ta.}/
{I-ta.}
{i-da.}/
{I-da.}
{i-dRi.}/
{I-dRi.}
{i-pa.}/
{I-pa.}
{i-ma.}/ 
{I-ma.}
{i-ya.}/
{I-ya.}
{i-ra.} --> repha
p047-1c3
{i-wa.}/
{I-wa.}
{i-sha.}/
{I-sha.}
{i-Sa.}/
{I-Sa.}
{i-ha.}/
{I-ha.}
UKT notes :
•
Checking the long vowels :
•
The problem of short-long vowel duration
{i} /
{I}
{i-kSa.} : Pseudo-Kha
p047-1c1-b00/ not online
• ईक्ष [ îksh]
= ई क ् ष -->
ईक्ष्
- I. Â. (P.) see, look; look at, behold
(ac., lc.); perceive;
contemplate, regard; expect; *prophesy to
(d); cs. îkshays, cause to look at
(ac); expect, wait for; fear; pay regard
to, mind; require, presuppose: w.
na, not bear to see. vi‿apa,
pay regard to, mind, abhi, look at.
ava, look at; observe; mark, reflect
on consider; experience; expect, hope for.
anu‿ava, meditate; consider,
reflect on. nir-ava, consider,
prati‿ava, inspect, examine;
enquire after. sam-ava, look at;
behold; reflect on; scrutinize; trouble
about ud, look up at, look at; behold;
wait; expect. abhind. look towards sam-ud,
look up, look towards or at; observe,
regard. upa, look at; descry ; wait for,
avail oneself of; overlook, disregard,
neglect; convivial, suffer; not insist on
(ac). sam-upa, diseregard, neglect. nis,
look about; look at; behold; perceive;
consider. peri, look round; examine;
perceive; cs. cause to be examined. pra,
look at perceive; quietly suffer, say nothing. abhi-pra, look at; behold;
perceive. ut-pra, look up to (listening); look out towards; look back on with
longing; expect; use or call figuratively; transfer to (lc); erroneously
consider (2 ac); wrongly suppose, imagine; impute to (Ic). vi-pra, look
hither and thither; contemplate. sam-pra, look at, behold,
perceive; conslder. prati, look on; behold, perceive; expect, wait for (gd.
pratikahya-quite gradually); bear with, endure sa-prati, wait: gd waiting = long.
vi, gaze; look at; perceive; consider; ascertain; discriminate; ps appear. anu-vi,
lookround; look towards; behold, perceive; examine. sam-anmabhi-vi, perceive. ud-vi,
look up; look towards or upon; perceive, become aware of sam-ud-vi, look at,
perceive. sam-vi, become aware of. abhi-sam-vi, stare at. sam, look at, see,
perceive; ascertain; consider. pra-sam. look at, see, perceive; consider.
© ईक्ष् iks
= ई क ् ष ्
- see, look; look at, behold (ac., lc.);
perceive; contemplate, regard; expect;
*prophesy to (d.); cs. îkshaya ,
cause to look at (ac.) ...
p047-1c1-b01/ p041
• ईक्षक
[ îksh-aka ]
= ई क ् ष क
- m. beholder, spectator; -ana,
n. sight, look; inspection; care;
superintendence; eye: -patha, m. horizon;
-anika, -anîka, m. fortune-teller [UKT: spirit-medium]; -anîya,
fp. to be seen, forthcoming; -â, f. glance, look;
sight; -i, the verb îksh (gr.); -ita,
(pp.) n. look; -itri, m. n. beholder, witness.
ईक्षक îksh-aka beholder,
spectator; -ana, n. sight, look; inspection; care; superintendence; eye: -patha,
m. horizon; -anika, -anîka, m. fortune-teller; -anîya, fp. to be seen,
forthcoming; -â, f. glance, look; sight; -i, the verb îksh (gr.); -ita, (pp.) n.
look; -itri, m. n. beholder, witness.
© ईक्षक
[ îksh-aka ]
Skt: ईक्षक
[ îksh-aka ] - m. beholder, spectator - Mac047c1
Skt: ईक्षक «īkṣaka» - m. spectator - SpkSkt
© ईक्षण [ îksh-ana]
Skt: ईक्षण [ îksh-ana] - n. sight, look; inspection; care; superintendence;
eye - Mac047c1
Skt: ईक्षण « īkṣaṇa» - n. seeing, look after, eye, aspect, sight, view,
caring for, regarding - SpkSkt
BPal:
/
{aik-hka.Na.} - UHS-PMD0189
UKT from UHS: n. look, eye
UKT 161205: Note the long-vow associated with hissing in Skt changed into
short-vow (associated with non-hissing) in Pal.
See my note on • the problem of short-long vowel duration
• ईखति { ईख् } «īkhati { īkh }
- v. move - SpkSkt
{i-nga.}
: Kinsi
UKT 131218: Note Macdonell's transliteration ṄKH means
{nga.}-killed -- not
{þé:þé:ting} .
p047-1c1-b02/ not online
• ईङ् [ îṅkh]
- move; cs. îṅkháya, sway, shake. pra, tremble; cs. swing;
Ā. swing oneself.
p047-1c1-b03/ p041
• ईङ्खन [ îṅkh-ana ]
Skt: ईङ्खन [ îṅkh-ana ]
- n. swinging. - Mac047c1
Skt: ईङ्खन «īṅkhana» - n. swinging - SpkSkt
ईङ्खन îṅkh-ana
swinging.
{i-za.} /
{I-za.}
p047-1c2-b00
• [ãga-ta ]
- move, drive, apa , drive away
p047-1c2-b01/ p041
• ईजान [ îg-âná ]
- pf. pt. of √yag.
ईजान îg-âná
√yag.
{i-ða.}
p047-1c2-b02
• [ît-te ].
- it-te, praise; beseech (ac.) for ) ac., g., d.): pp îlttá ,
praised, pra , parti, sam, praise.
p047-1c2-b03/ not online
• ईडेन्य
[ îd-énya ],
ईळेन्य
[ îl-énya ]
Skt: ईडेन्य [ îd-énya ]
- fp. to be implored, to be praised.
- Mac047c2
ईडेन्य îl-énya
to be implored, to be praised.
BPal: 
{I-ða.té} - UHS-PMD0197
UKT from UHS: being praised
UKT 131217, 161206: Here is one of the few words spelled with {La.} ळ and not with {la.} ल. I have seen somewhere that lateral sounds were common in Vedic, but became changed into {la.} ल and then into {ra.} र in Sanskrit. It is unfortunate that I have forgotten the source of this info. We find in Wikipedia:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit 161206"Vedic
Sanskrithad a retroflex lateral approximant (/ɭ/) (ळ) as well as its aspirated counterpart /ɭʰ/ (ळ्ह्), which was lost in Classical Sanskrit."
I opine that there is no such thing as Vedic Sanskrit. It is probably a Tib-Burman language, whereas Sanskrit is a IE language. Accordingly, I have struck out the word Sanskrit from "VedicSanskrit"A language with lateral sounds, Chinese, reminds me of the many language jokes in the U.S., where the Chinese eat "flied lice" instead of "fried rice". Now lets extend this into modern languages of our region, where the Hindi speakers are R-speakers (who use phoneme R extensively, Myanmar speakers are R-L speakers (both R phoneme and L phoneme), and Chinese the L-speakers (L phoneme). It is remarkable that geographically, the areas of these speakers, India-Myanmarpré-China, are roughly in a line. It means that I can hope to view Bur-Myan as a linguistic bridge between India and China.
p047-1c2-b04/ p041
• ईड्य
[ &isharp;d-ya ]
= ई ड ् य
- fp. to be praised, praiseworthy.
ईड्य îd-ya
to be praised, praiseworthy.
{i-ta.} /
{I-ta.}
p047-1c2-b05/ p041
• ईति [ î-ti ]
Skt: ईति [ î-ti ]
- f. calamity; plague. - Mac047c2
ईति î-ti
calamity; plague.
BPal: 
{I-ti.} - UHS PMD0197
UKT from UHS: f. calamity; plague
{i-da.}/
{I-da.}
{i-dRi.}
/
{I-dRi.}
UKT 161206:
{dRi.} is derived from
{da.} द «da» modified with highly rhotic vowel ऋ / ृ present only in Skt-Dev. It has no counterpart in Bur-Myan. This vowel has no connection to
{ra.} र «ra.».
p047-1c2-b06/ p041
• ईदृक्ता [ îdrik-tâ ]
- f. quality.
ईदृक्ता îdrik-tâ
quality.
p047-1c2-b07/ p041
• ईदृक्ष
î-dríksha (â), ईदृश्
î-drís (f.=m.), ईदृश [ î-drísa ]
- a. (î) of this appearance, such.
ईदृक्ष î-drísa
(î) of this appearance, such.
{i-pa.}
p047-1c2-b08/ p041
• ईप्स
[ &isharp;p-sa ]
= ई प ् स
- des. (Ép) wish to obtain, desire.
ईप्स îp-sa (√âp)
wish to obtain, desire.
p047-1c2-b09/ p041
• ईप्सा [ îp-sã ]
- f. desire, wish; -sitá, des. pp. desired, wished for, dear;
n. wish:
-tama, nearest object (gr.); -su, des. a. desirous of (ac., inf., --°).
ईप्सा îp-saN
desire, wish; -sitá, des. pp. desired, wished for, dear; n.
wish: -tama, nearest object (gr.); -su, des. a. desirous of
(ac., inf., --°).
{i-ma.}/ /
{I-ma.}
p047-1c2-b10/ p041
• ईम् [ îm ]
- enc. pcl.= ac. of prn. i, used without distinction of number or
gender and with or without another ac.; w. rel. = ever; with inter. = pray;
w.
neg. = at all; often meaningless.
ईम् îm i, used
without distinction of number or gender and with or without
another ac.; w. rel.=-ever; with inter. =pray; w. neg.=at
all; often meaningless.
{i-ya.}/
{I-ya.}
p047-1c2-b11/ p041
• ईयिवस् [ îy-i-vas ]
- pf. pt. act. (√i) went.
ईयिवस् îy-i-vas
(√i) went.
p047-1c2-b12/ p041
• ईयुषी [ îy-ush-î ]
- f. pf. pt. (√i) past.
ईयुषी îy-ush-î
(√i) past.
{i-ra.}/
{I-ra.} --> repha
UKT 131218: Killing the inherent vowel of
{r} would change the pronunciation:
{i:.r} /
{I:r}
p047-1c2-b13
IR, II. (P.) A.
- ir-te, set in motion, stir up; arise, move (int); come forth,
resound; cs. iraya, P. A. set in motion, stir; throw; excite; produce; utter;
say; proclaim; raise; arise; ps. be called; pp. irita. a, procure; utter;
cs.
id. nia, appoint as (2 ac). ua, rise; arise; pp. ud-irna, excited, increased;
elevated, elated; cs. raise, whirl up; throw, cast; put forth; increase; excite,
produce; display; rouse, animate; utter, proclaim. speak; ps. be called, pass
for (nm). abhi ud, cs. utter, speak sam-ud, cs. raise; throw; excite; utter.
pra,
move (int.); arise; cs. drive forward urge; excite; direct (gaze); utter; pass
(time). sam-pra, rise together; cs. push forward. sam, put together;
cs. id;
move (tr), produce, create; utter, speak.
p047-1c2-b14/ p041
• ईर [ îr-a ]
- m. wind; -ana, m. id.; n. pressure.
ईर îr-a wind;
-ana, m. id.; n. pressure.
p047-1c2-b15/ p041
• ईरिण [ îrina ]
- n. land impregnated with salt; desert.
ईरिण îrina
land impregnated with salt; desert.
p047-1c2-b16/ p041
• ईर्म [ îr-má ]
- m. arm; fore-quarter (of an animal); m. n. wound.
ईर्म îr-má arm;
fore-quarter (of an animal); m. n. wound.
p047-1c3-b00/ p041
• ईर्मा îrmaN, ईर्म [ îrmá ]
- (in.) ad. here, hither.
ईर्मा îrmá here,
hither.
p047-1c3-b01/ p041
• ईर्य [ îr-ya ]
- fp. to be urged on.
ईर्य îr-ya to be
urged on.
p047-1c3-b02
• [îrshya-ti]
- envy; be jealous.
p047-1c3-b03
• ईर्ष्या [ îrshy-ã ]
= ई र ् ष ् य ा
- f. envy; jealousy: -lu, -vat, -ú, a. envious, jealous;
-ita, (pp.) n.
jealousy, envy; -in, a. jealous, envious.
{i-wa.}/
{I-wa.}
p047-1c3-b04/ p041
• ईवत् [ &isharp;-vat ]
- a. so great.
ईवत् î-vat so
great.
{i-sha.}/
{I-sha.}
Compare with Pal:
{i-þa.}
p047-1c3-b05
•
- possess, own, be master of, rule (ac. or g.); belong to, be to (g.);
be entitled to (g.); be able to (inf., g., or lc.).
p047-1c3-b06/ not online
ईश् [îs ] ,
- m. lord, ruler; Siva
p047-1c3-b07/ p041
• ईश [ îs-á ]
- a. able to dispose of, entitled to (g.); capable of (inf.); m. owner,
lord, ruler, chief of (g., --°); ep. of Siva; ã, f. ability, power;
dominion; -na, n. governing, ruling; -‿akala,
m. Himâlaya.
ईश îs-á
able to dispose of, entitled to (g.); capable of (inf.); m.
owner, lord, ruler, chief of (g., --°); ep. of Siva; aN, f.
ability, power; dominion; -na, n. governing, ruling; -̮akala,
m. Himâlaya.
p047-1c3-b08/ p041
• ईशान [ &isharp;s-âna (or á) ]
- pr. pt. possessing; ruling over (g.); m. ruler; ep. of Siva; N.;
-kandra,
m. N.; -devî, f. N.
ईशान îs-âna
(or á) possessing; ruling over (g.); m. ruler;
ep. of Siva; N.; -kandra, m. N.; -devî, f. N.
p047-1c3-b09
• [îs-i-tri ]
- m. ruler, lord
p047-1c3-b10/ p041
• ईशिन् [ îs-in ]
- a. ruling over (--°).
ईशिन् îs-in
ruling over (--°).
p047-1c3-b11/ p041
• ईश्वर
[ îs-vará ]
= ई श ् व र
- a. able to, capable of (inf., lc.; w. inf. in -tas the nm. sg.
m. is
used for all genders and numbers); m. owner of (g., lc., --°); ruler, lord,
prince, king; man of rank, rich man; husband; supreme god; Brahman; Siva: î,
f.
princess; -tâ, f., -tva, n. rule, sovereignty; -pranidhâna,
n. submission to the
will of the Lord.
ईश्वर îs-vará
able to, capable of (inf., lc.; w. inf. in -tas the nm. sg.
m. is used for all genders and numbers); m. owner of (g., lc.,
--°); ruler, lord, prince, king; man of rank, rich man;
husband; supreme god; Brahman; Siva: î, f. princess; -tâ,
f., -tva, n. rule, sovereignty; -pranidhâna, n. submission
to the will of the Lord.
{i-Sa.}/
{I-Sa.}
UKT 161206: I have come to the conclusion that Skt-Dev speakers who could not pronounce the Bur-Myan & Pal-Myan thibilant /θ/
{þa.}/
{þ} invariably change it into hissing (not hushing) sibilant /s/
{Sa.}/
{S}. Note the difference between hissing sibilant (hisser)
{sa.}/
{c}.
p047-1c3-b12/ not online
• ईष् [ îsh] i.
- îsha ,
- move away, depart from (ab.); leave (ac.). â , rush on.
ud , rise up. sam-ud , id.
p047-1c3-b13/ p041
• ईषत् [ îsh-át ]
[n. pr. pt.]
= ई ष त ्
- ad. slightly, a little, somewhat;
easily (often °--); -kara, a. easily
performed; -kârya, fp. easy to (lc.); -pâna,
a. easy to drink.
ईषत् îsh-át
slightly, a little, somewhat; easily (often °--); -kara, a.
easily performed; -kârya, fp. easy to (lc.); -pâna, a. easy
to drink.
p047-1c3-b14/ p041
• ईषा [ îshã ]
- f. pole (of a car): du. double (forked) pole.
ईषा îshaN pole
(of a car): du. double (forked) pole.
{i-ha.}/
{I-ha.}
p047-1c3-b15/ not online
• ईह् [ îh] íha ,
- strive after, aim at (ac.), desire to (inf.); undertake; exert oneself:
pp. îhita, aimed at, desired; meant for (lc.). sam =
simple verb.
p047-1c3-b16/ p041
• ईहा [ îh-â ]
- f. exertion, endeavour; business, labour; desire, wish; -vat, a.
assiduous; brave.
ईहा îh-â
exertion, endeavour; business, labour; desire, wish; -vat,
a. assiduous; brave.
p047-1c3-b17/ p041
• ईहित [ îh-ita ]
- (pp.) n. exertion; labour; purpose; desire, wish.
ईहित îh-ita
exertion; labour; purpose; desire, wish.
UKT 131218, 161205:
Note in the Skt-Dev word ईड्
(= ई ड ् : notice the virama on
{ða.}), the coda retroflex
{ða.}
ड - not the dental
{da.}
द - is checking the long vowel
{I } ई
«ī» with vowel duration of 2 eye-blinks. We have:
{i:.d}
Note my use of "three dots"
{wic~sa.}
which has been borrowed from Tamil ஃ visarga. I based my transcription
(not transliteration) on
IPA triangular colon /ː/ which is used for "checking" long vowels.
Go back check-long-vow-note-b
- UKT 150517, 161205
The distinction between a so-called "short" vowel, and a "long" vowel is just a matter of judgement. There is no clear cut short-long distinction. Each vowel has its own length. The following are RP (Brit English) vowel lengths in centi-seconds:
from a course in Phonetics offered by Pétur Knútsson, https://notendur.hi.is/peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/VowelLength0.html 140622, 161205
There is a basic difference between vowel length in Icelandic and English.
• Icelandic vowels can all be either long or short.
¤ Check out the difference in the vowels u in mun (long) and munn (short), or í in the words síð (long) and sídd (short), or ei in the words eiga (long) and eign (short)
• English vowels are also long and short, but they behave differently:
¤ Tense vowels can be long or short, according to whether they are followed by fortis consonants or not (We find that vowels are shortened when they are followed by unvoiced (p t k f þ s ʃ ʧ ) consonants in RP English. Note: voiced consonants are: (b d g v ð z ʒ ʤ )
¤ But Lax vowels are always short.
Now from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length 120422, 161205
"In linguistics, vowel length is
the perceived duration of a vowel sound. Often
the chroneme, or the "longness",
acts like a consonant, and may have arisen from
one etymologically, such as in Australian
English. [UKT ¶]
"While not distinctive in most other dialects of English, vowel length is an important phonemic factor in many other languages, for instance in Finnish, Fijian, Japanese, Old English, and Vietnamese. It plays a phonetic role in the majority of dialects of English English [UKT: the double word indicates the English dialects spoken in England], and is said to be phonemic in a few other dialects, such as Australian English and New Zealand English. It also plays a lesser phonetic role in Cantonese, which is exceptional among the spoken variants of Chinese.
"Many languages do not distinguish vowel length phonemically, and those that do usually distinguish between short vowels and long vowels. There are very few languages that distinguish three phonemic vowel lengths, for instance Luiseño and Mixe. [UKT ¶]
UKT 161205: Bur-Myan has 3 vowel-lengths, exemplified as
{a.} (1 blnk) ,
{a} (2 blnk) ,
{a:} (2 blnk+ emphasis)
If we are to include Mon-Myan the number of registers increases to 4:
{a:.} (1/2 blnk)
"However, some languages with two vowel lengths also have words where long vowels appear adjacent to other short or long vowels of the same type, e.g. Japanese hōō "phoenix", Estonian jäääär "ice edge", or Ancient Greek ἀάατος [a.ˈáː.a.tos] "inviolable". Some languages that do not ordinarily have phonemic vowel length but do permit vowel hiatus may similarly exhibit sequences of identical vowel phonemes that yield phonetically long vowels, such as Georgian გააადვილებ [ɡa.a.ad.vil.eb] "you will facilitate it"."
The ancient and the present phoneticians of the East, such as those of Bur-Myan, Pal-Myan, & Skt-Dev, use their own individual judgment by the time it takes to blink his eye: 1 blnk for "short", and 2 blnk for "long".
Go back short-long-vow-duration-note-b
End of TIL file
