p032.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
MC-indx.htm |
Top
MCpp-indx.htm
{a.wi}
p032c1
{a.wi-sa.}
{a.wi-ta.}
{a.wi-ra.}
{a.wRi.}
{a.wé}
{a.wè:}
{a.wau:}
{a.w~ya.}
: expect a mix up with
{a.wya.},
{a.vya.} and
{a.bya.}
p032c2
{a.w~ya}
{a.w~yu.}
{a.w~ra.}
{a.sha.} /
{ísh} /
{ésh}
: first member of Skt-Dev dental-fricative subgroup
p032c3
/
{a.sha}
{a.shi.}
{a.shu.}
{a.shRi.}
{a.shé}
{a.shau:}
Orphans:
अव्युष्ट
á-vi̮ushta (√vas) not yet arisen.
अव्याक्षेप
a-vyâkshepa absence of distraction, presence of mind.
अशकुन a-sakuna
inauspicious omen.
UKT notes :
• Avici Purgatory
• Sanskrit Dental-Fricatives and their
derivatives
In the following take care of the grapheme
shapes: Ash
and AeS
•
Effect of killed or Coda Consonants on vowel of
syllable
• Phoneme Ash formed from
{a.sha.} -->
/
See also
p033.htm >
Phoneme AeS formed from
{a.þa.}
-->
/
• Sanskrit compound
• Veda and Soma
Orphans
• अशकुन
[ a-sakuna ]
- n. inauspicious omen.
• अव्याक्षेप
[ a-vyâkshepa ]
- m. absence of distraction,
presence of mind.
{a.wi}
{a.wi-sa.}
p032c1-b00/ p033
• अवीचि
[ a-vîki ] -->
{a.wi-si.}
Skt: अवीचि
[a-vîki]
- m. a hell (waveless). - Mac032c1
अवीचि a-vîki (waveless).
BPal:
{a.wi-si.} - UHS PMD0141
UKT from UHS: mfn. waveless.
m.
{a.wi-si. nga.rè:}
Bur:
{a.wi-si.nga.rè:} -- MLC PMD2006-090
UKT's excerpts from PMD which
gives meanings in English: Myanmar
cosmology believes in eight levels
of purgatory, the lowest being
{a.wi-si.nga.rè:}. Note: MLC uses
the word "purgatory" --
not 'hell'.
UKT 140805: The ideas of Hell and Purgatory are different in many religious traditions. In Theravada Buddhism there is no Hell but only Purgatories.
See my note on Avici PurgatoryUKT 161004:
"In the Devaduta Sutta, the 130th discourse of Majjhima Nikaya, the Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail."
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Buddhism 161004
{a.wi-ta.}
p032c1-b01/ not online
• अवीतक [a-vîtaka]
- unenclosed space
{a.wi-ra.}
p032c1-b02/ p033
• अवीर [ ¹. a-vîrá ]
- a. devoid of men; n. region without men; -purusha, m. weakling.
अवीर 1. a-vîrá
devoid of men; n. region without men; -purusha, m. weakling.
p032c1-b03/ p033
• अवीर [ ². a-v&isharp;ra ]
- a. unmanly: â, f. woman without husband and children.
अवीर 2. a-vîra
unmanly: â, f. woman without husband and children.
p032c1-b04/ p033
• अवीर्य [ a-vîryá ]
- a. weak, powerless.
अवीर्य a-vîryá
weak, powerless.
{a.wRi.}
p032c1-b05/ p033
• अवृक [ a-vriká ]
- a. not hurting; safe; n. safety.
अवृक a-vriká
not hurting; safe; n. safety.
p032c1-b06/ p033
• अवृजिन [ á-vrigina ]
- a. not artful, guileless.
अवृजिन á-vrigina
not artful, guileless.
p032c1-b07/ p033
• अवृत [ a-vrita ]
- pp. unchosen, uninvited.
अवृत a-vrita
unchosen, uninvited.
p032c1-b08/ p033
• अवृत्त [ a-vritta ]
- pp. not having taken place.
अवृत्त a-vritta
not having taken place.
p032c1-b09/ p033
• अवृत्ति [ a-vritti ]
- f. lack of sustenance, destitution: -ka, a. lacking means of support.
अवृत्ति a-vritti
lack of sustenance, destitution: -ka, a. lacking means of
support.
p032c1-b10/ p033
• अवृथार्थ [ a-vrithâ‿artha ]
- a. having an appropriate meaning or name: -tâ, f. abst.
ɴ.
अवृथार्थ a-vrithâ̮artha
having an appropriate meaning or name: -tâ, f. abst. n.
p032c1-b11/ p033
• अवृद्ध [ a-vriddha ]
= अ व ृ द ् ध
- pp. not aged.
अवृद्ध a-vriddha
not aged.
p032c1-b12/ p033
• अवृद्धिक
[ a-vriddhi-ka ]
- a. free from interest.
अवृद्धिक a-vriddhi-ka
free from interest.
p032c1-b13/ p033
• अवृध [ a-vridhá ]
- a. not gladdening.
अवृध a-vridhá
not gladdening.
p032c1-b14/ p033
• अवृषण [ a-vrishana ]
- a. lacking testicles.
अवृषण a-vrishana
lacking testicles.
p032c1-b15/ p033
• अवृष्ट [ a-vrishta ]
- pp. not having rained or sent rain.
अवृष्ट a-vrishta
not having rained or sent rain.
p032c1-b16/ p033
• अवृष्टि [ á-vrishti ]
- f. drought.
अवृष्टि á-vrishti
drought.
( end of old p032-2.htm)
{a.wé}
p032c1-b17/ p033
• अवेक्षण [ ava‿îksh-ana ]
- n. looking at; attention to, care of (g.); -anîya, fp. to be paid
attention to; -â, f. care; attention to (lc.); -in,
a. looking towards;
attending to (ac.); -ya, fp. to be attended to.
अवेक्षण
ava̮îksh-ana looking at; attention to, care of (g.);
-anîya, fp. to be paid attention to; -â, f. care; attention
to (lc.); -in, a. looking towards; attending to (ac.); -ya,
fp. to be attended to.
p032c1-b18/ p033
• अवेदन [ a-vedana ]
- n. ignorance.
अवेदन a-vedana
ignorance.
p032c1-b19/ p033
• अवेदविहित [ a-veda-vihita ]
- pp. not prescribed by the Veda.
अवेदविहित
a-veda-vihita not prescribed by the Veda.
UKT 161004: See my note on Veda and Soma
p032c1-b20/ p033
• अवेद्य [ a-ved-ya ]
= अ व े द ् य
- fp. not to be wedded.
अवेद्य a-ved-ya
not to be wedded.
p032c1-b21/ p033
• अवेलम्् [ a-velam ]
- ad. unseasonably.
अवेलम्् a-velam
unseasonably.
p032c1-b22/ p033
• अवेशसदृश [ a-vesa-sadrisa ]
- a. unlike prostitution.
अवेशसदृश a-vesa-sadrisa
unlike prostitution.
{a.wè:}
p032c1-b23/ p033
• अवैकृत [ a-vaikrita ]
- a. not disfigured.
अवैकृत a-vaikrita
not disfigured.
p032c1-b24/ p033
• अवैदग्ध्य [ a-vaidagdhya ]
- n. want of sagacity; stupidity.
अवैदग्ध्य
a-vaidagdhya want of sagacity; stupidity.
p032c1-b25/ p033
• अवैद्य [ a-vaidya ]
- a. unlearned.
अवैद्य a-vaidya
unlearned.
p032c1-b26/ p033
• अवैरिजुष्ट [ a-vairi-gushta ]
- pp. that not even an enemy consents to.
अवैरिजुष्ट
a-vairi-gushta that not even an enemy consents
to.
{a.wau:}
p032c1-b27/ p033
• अवोक्षण [ ava‿ukshana ]
- n. sprinkling with water.
अवोक्षण
ava̮ukshana sprinkling with water.
p032c1-b28
• [á-vokat]
- 3 sg. aor. √vak
( end of old p032-3.htm)
{a.w~ya.} /
{a.bya.}
UKT 150415, 150707: I expect a mix up of
{a.wra.}, with
{a.bra.}, resptly. The Ya'pin sign shows a monosyllabic medial found mostly in Bur-Myan, and which the IE (English and Hindi) speakers cannot pronounce. On the other hand, the Ra'ric sign signifying a rhotic accent is easily handled by IE speakers, but not by Bur-Myan. Bur-Myan speakers of the Irrawaddy dialect, particularly those in Mandalay and Yangon, pronounce Ra'ric words and the Ya'pin words the same.
We should note that
{wa.} &
{ya.} lying side by side need not join up, e.g. UHS-PMD0135 gives a Pal-Myan word:
{a.wa.ya.wa.} 'part' 'body-part' where the
{a.wi.} - see p030.htm
However,
{ra.}-pair can easily join up. And so can the
{ba.}-
{brah}. See p022.htm .
{brah-ma} 'Brahma - the Great God' -- UHS PMD0718 .
The Great God
{brah-ma} ब्रह्मा (= ब ् र ह ् म ा) is spelled Brahman ब्रह्मन् /'brɑːmən/ in English: see Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman 150415. The spelling for humans is{braah-ma.Na.}. To avoid confusion,
{poaN~Na:} to
{braah-ma.Na. poaN~Na:} .
p032c1-b29/ p033
• अव्य
[ ávya ]
= अ व ् य -- >
{a.w~ya.} (conjunct form)
Skt: अव्य [ ávya ]
- a. pertaining to sheep, woollen;
n. Soma-strainer. - Mac032c1
अव्य ávya
pertaining to sheep, woollen; n. Soma-strainer.
BPal:
{a.bya.} (medial form) (not listed)
-- UHS-PMD0103
UKT 161004: See my note on Véda and Soma
p032c1-b30/ p033
• अव्यक्त
[ a-vi‿akta ]
= अ व ् य क ् त
- pp. not manifest, imperceptible;
indistinct; m. universal soul;
n. unevolved primordial matter;
primordial spirit; -rûpa, a.
indistinct, indefinite; of uncertain sex.
अव्यक्त
a-vi̮akta not manifest, imperceptible; indistinct; m.
universal soul; n. unevolved primordial matter; primordial
spirit; -rûpa, a. indistinct, indefinite; of uncertain sex.
p032c1-b31/ p033
• अव्यग्र [ a-vyagra ]
- a. unconcerned, quiet: -m, ad. -ly.
अव्यग्र a-vyagra
unconcerned, quiet: -m, ad. -ly.
p032c1-b32/ p033
• अव्यङ्ग [ a-vyaṅga ]
- a. having all one's limbs.
अव्यङ्ग a-vyaṅga
having all one's limbs.
p032c1-b33/ p033
• अव्यञ्जन [ a-vyañgana ]
- a. beardless; lacking signs of puberty.
अव्यञ्जन a-vyañgana
beardless; lacking signs of puberty.
p032c1-b34/ p033
• अव्यतिरिक्त [ a-vi‿ati-rikta ]
- pp. not separated from.
अव्यतिरिक्त a-vi̮ati-rikta
not separated from.
p032c1-b35/ p033
• अव्यथ [ a-vyath-a ]
- a. unwavering, undaunted; efficacious; -í, a. unwavering, undaunted;
-in, a. not becoming discomposed.
अव्यथ a-vyath-a
unwavering, undaunted; efficacious; -í, a. unwavering,
undaunted; -in, a. not becoming discomposed.
p032c1-b36/ p033
• अव्यभिचारिन्् [ a-vyabhi-kârin ]
- a. infallible; î-kâra, m. conjugal fidelity; a. faithful.
अव्यभिचारिन्् a-vyabhi-kârin
infallible; î-kâra, m. conjugal fidelity; a. faithful.
p032c1-b37/ p033
• अव्यय
[ a-vyaya ]
- m. non-expenditure; a.
imperishable, immutable; stingy; n.
indeclinable word:
-tva, n. imperishableness;
-‿âtman, a. of imperishable
nature; î-bhâva, m.
indeclinable compound.
अव्यय a-vyaya
non-expenditure; a. imperishable, immutable; stingy; n.
indeclinable word: -tva, n. imperishableness; -̮âtman, a. of
imperishable nature; î-bhâva, m. indeclinable compound.
© अव्यय
avyaya [ a-vyaya ]
Skt: अव्यय
[a-vyaya] - m. non-expenditure;
a. imperishable, immutable; stingy;
n. indeclinable word - Mac032c1
BPal:
{a.bya.ya.} -- UHS-PMD0103
UKT from UHS: mfn. indestructible
UKT 150706, 161006: See my note on Sanskrit Compound
and a separate article:
¤ Compound formation in Sanskrit with examples from English -- Skt-compd.htm (link chk 161004)
¤ See also The Grammaticalization of Nominalizers in Burmese, by Andrew Simpson,
Prof. of Linguistics & East Asian Languages and Cultures, Univ. of Southern California.
in Bur-Myan Language: Speech and Script
- BurMyan-indx.htm > Nominalizer.htm (link chk 161006)
Simpson uses the term "Nominalizer" which I have found to be{wi.bût} in Bur-Myan grammar.
p032c2-b01/ p033
• अव्यवधान [ a-vyava-dhâna ]
- n. non-interruption; a. uncovered, bare; uninterrupted; -dhâya-ka,
a.
not intervening: -tva, n. non-intervention.
अव्यवधान
a-vyava-dhâna non-interruption; a. uncovered, bare;
uninterrupted; -dhâya-ka, a. not intervening: -tva, n.
nonintervention.
p032c2-b02/ p033
• अव्यवसायिन्् [ a-vyavasâyin ]
- a. un-enterprising, remiss.
अव्यवसायिन््
a-vyavasâyin unenterprising, remiss.
p032c2-b03/ p033
• अव्यवस्थ [ a-vyava-stha ]
- a. not enduring: â, f. unsettled state; -sthita-kitta,
a.
fickle-minded.
अव्यवस्थ
a-vyava-stha not enduring: â, f. unsettled state;
-sthita-kitta, a. fickle-minded.
p032c2-b04/ p033
• अव्यसनिन्् [ a-vyasanin ]
- a. exempt from vice.
अव्यसनिन््
a-vyasanin exempt from vice.
{a.w~ya}
p032c2-b05/ p033
• अव्याकृत [ á-vi‿â-krita ]
- pp. unsevered, undivided.
अव्याकृत
á-vi̮â-krita unsevered, undivided.
p032c2-b06/ p033
• अव्याज [ a-vyâga ]
- m. no deception; a. natural, real.
अव्याज a-vyâga
no deception; a. natural, real.
p032c2-b07/ p033
• अव्यापन्न [ a-vi‿â-panna ]
- pp. not having died, alive.
अव्यापन्न
a-vi̮â-panna not having died, alive.
p032c2-b08/ p033
• अव्यापार [ a-vyâpâra ]
- m. not one's business.
अव्यापार
a-vyâpâra not one's business.
p032c2-b09/ p033
• अव्याप्त
[ a-vi‿âpta ]
- pp. not filled or mixed with.
अव्याप्त
a-vi̮âpta not filled or mixed with.
p032c2-b10/ p033
• अव्यावर्तनीय
[ a-vi‿âvart-anîya ]
- fp. not to be taken back.
अव्यावर्तनीय
a-vi̮âvart-anîya not to be taken back.
p032c2-b11/ p033
• अव्याहृत
[ a-vyâhrita ]
= अ व ् य ा ह ृ त
- (pp.) n. not speaking; silence.
अव्याहृत a-vyâhrita
not speaking; silence.
{a.w~yu.}
p032c2-b12/ p033
• अव्युच्छिन्न
[ a-vi‿uk-khinna ]
= अ व ् य ु च ् छ ि न ् न
- pp. uninterrupted.
अव्युच्छिन्न
a-vi̮uk-khinna uninterrupted.
p032c2-b13/ p033
• अव्युत्पन्न
[ a-vi‿utpanna ]
= अ व ् य ु त ् प न ् न
- pp. not resulting; having no
etymology: -mati, a. uneducated.
अव्युत्पन्न
a-vi̮utpanna not resulting; having no etymology: -mati, a.
uneducated.
p032c2-b14/ p033
• अव्युष्ट [ á-vi‿ushta ]
- pp. (√vas) not yet arisen.
अव्युष्ट
á-vi̮ushta (√vas) not yet arisen.
{a.w~ra.}
UKT 150416:
{a.wa.ra.} 'inferior' - UHS PMD0135. If they did, we can expect a mix up of
p032c2-b15/ p033
• अव्रत
[ a-vratá ]
= अ व ् र त
- a. ungodly; not fulfilling religious duties.
अव्रत a-vratá
ungodly; not fulfilling religious duties.
( end of old p032-4.htm)
{a.sha.} /
{æsh}
UKT 150705: See my note on the Effects of killed or Coda Consonants on the Nuclear Vowel of the syllable .
See also p004.htm on killed {sa.} and killed {nga.}.Orphans
• अशकुन asakuna [ a-sakuna ]
- n. inauspicious omen.• अव्याक्षेप avyaksepa [ a-vyâkshepa ]
- m. absence of distraction, presence of mind.
p032c2-b16/ not online
•
अश्
[as ],
- ¹. v. as-nu , reach; attain; befal; enjoy.
abhi, ud , reach; dominate,
upa , nam-upa , pra , vi , sam , id.
p032c2-b17/ not online
• अश् [as ],
- ². ix, p., as-nâ-ti , eat, take
(meat and drink); taste; enjoy; pp.
a-ita , eaten; cs. âsaya ,
cause (ac.) to eat (ac.), feed; pp.
â-sita , fed; satiated; des.
asisisha , wish to eat.
upa , pra , sam , = simple verb;
abhi-pra , eat in addition to
(ac.).
p032c2-b18/ not online
• ³. अश् [as],
- grammatical designation of all soft letters.
p032c2-b19/ p033
• अशक्त
[ a-sakta ]
= अ श क ् त
Skt: अशक्त
[ a-sakta ]
- pp. incapable of (inf., d., lc.). - Mac032c2
अशक्त a-sakta
incapable of (inf., d., lc.).
BPal:
{a.þak~ka.}
- UHS PMD0142
UKT from UHS: mfn. incapable
p032c2-b20/ p033
• अशक्ति [ a-sakti ]
- f. inability; weakness.
अशक्ति a-sakti
inability; weakness.
p032c2-b21/ p033
• अशक्नुवत्् [ a-sak-nuvat ]
- pr. pt. unable to (inf.); -ya, fp. impossible: -‿artha,
a. id.;
ineffectual.
अशक्नुवत्् a-sak-nuvat
unable to (inf.); -ya, fp. impossible: -̮artha, a. id.;
ineffectual.
p032c2-b22/ p033
• अशङ्क [ a-saṅk-a ]
- a. fearless: -m, ad. -ly; -anîya, fp. not to be feared;
-ita, pp. fearless: -m, ad. without hesitation; suddenly.
अशङ्क a-saṅk-a
fearless: -m, ad. -ly; -anîya, fp. not to be feared; -ita,
pp. fearless: -m, ad. without hesitation; suddenly.
p032c2-b23/ p033
• अशन्् [ ás-an ]
- m. stone, rock; firmament.
अशन्् ás-an
stone, rock; firmament.
fir·ma·ment - n. ¹. The vault or expanse of the heavens; the sky. - AHTD
p032c2-b24/ p033
• अशन [ asaná ]
- n. eating; food; --°, a. feeding on; -kriyâ, f. taking of food;
-‿anasaná, n. eating and fasting.
अशन asaná
eating; food; --°, a. feeding on; -kriyâ, f. taking of food;
-̮anasaná, n. eating and fasting.
p032c2-b25/ p033
• अशनापिपासे [ asanâ-pipâse ]
- f. du. hunger and thirst.
अशनापिपासे asanâ-pipâse
hunger and thirst.
p032c2-b26/ p033
• अशनाया [ asan&asharp;yâ (or &asharp;) ]
- f. hunger; -vat, a. hungry.
अशनाया asanaNyâ
(or aN) hunger; -vat, a. hungry.
p032c2-b27/ p033
• अशनि [ as-áni ]
- f. (C. also m.) thunderbolt, lightning-flash; -grâvan, m. diamond;
-hata, pp. struck by lightning.
अशनि as-áni
thunderbolt, lightning-flash; -grâvan, m. diamond; -hata,
pp. struck by lightning.
p032c2-b28/ p033
• अशनैस्् [ a-sanais ]
- ad. highly, violently.
अशनैस्् a-sanais
highly, violently.
p032c2-b29/ p033
• अशब्द [ á-sabda ]
- a. silent, mute.
अशब्द á-sabda
silent, mute.
p032c2-b30/ p033
• अशम्् [ á-sam ]
- ind. disaster.
अशम्् á-sam
disaster.
p032c3-b00/ p033
• अशरण [ a-saran-a ]
- n. defencelessness; a. unprotected, helpless; -î-kri, render
defenceless; -ya, a. affording no protection; defenceless.
अशरण a-saran-a
defencelessness; a. unprotected, helpless; -î-kri, render
defenceless; -ya, a. affording no protection; defenceless.
p032c3-b01/ p033
• अशरीर [ a-sarîra ]
Skt: अशरीर [ a-sarîra ]
- a. bodiless, lacking a substantial body;
m. Kâma (cp. anaṅga). - Mac032c3
अशरीर a-sarîra
bodiless, lacking a substantial body; m. Kâma (cp. anaṅga).
BPal:
{a.þa.ri-ra.} - UHS PMD0147
- UKT from UHS: mfn. lacking a substantial body. n.
non-matter (ref. to Mass & Matter of Physical Science)
UKT 150416: Refer to the story of Kâma
{ka-ma. dé-wa.} aka the Hindu Cupid whose body was burnt by the ray from Siva's Third-Eye. See Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva 150416
p032c3-b02/ p033
• अशर्मन्् [ a-sarman ]
- n. suffering, sorrow.
अशर्मन्् a-sarman
suffering, sorrow.
p032c3-b03/ p033
• अशस्् [ a-sás ]
- a. cursing, hating.
अशस्् a-sás
cursing, hating.
p032c3-b04/ p033
• अशस्त्र [ a-sastra ]
- a. swordless, unarmed: -pâni, a. having no sword in the hand;
-pûta,
pp. not consecrated by the sword; -vadha, m. murder without a weapon.
अशस्त्र a-sastra
swordless, unarmed: -pâni, a. having no sword in the hand;
-pûta, pp. not consecrated by the sword; -vadha, m. murder
without a weapon.
/
{a.sha}
p032c3-b05/ p033
• अशान्ततनु [ a-sânta-tanu ]
- a. whose body is not satisfied.
अशान्ततनु a-sânta-tanu
whose body is not satisfied.
p032c3-b06/ p033
• अशान्तता [ a-sânta-tâ ]
- f. lack of tranquillity, passionateness.
अशान्तता a-sânta-tâ
lack of tranquillity, passionateness.
p032c3-b07/ p033
• अशासत्् [ a-sâs-at ]
- pr. pt. not punishing.
अशासत्् a-sâs-at
not punishing.
p032c3-b08/ p033
• अशास्त्रचक्षुस््
[ a-sâstra-kakshus ]
- a. not seeing with the eye of the sâstras.
शास्त्र
«śāstra»
(= श ा स ् त ् र ),
अशास्त्रचक्षुस््
a-sâstra-kakshus not seeing with the eye of
the sâstras.
UKT 161007: Bur-Myan term for शास्त्र «śāstra» is
{þhyût~ta.ra.} (MLC MED2006-528) or
{shaat~ta.ra} (Romabama). In English, it is "precept, rules, manual, compendium, book or treatise" in a general sense. It is generally used as a suffix for technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area of practice:
¤ bhautikashastra "physics", ¤ rasayanashastra "chemistry", ¤ jīvashastra "biology", ¤ vastushastra "architectural science", ¤ shilpashastra "science of mechanical arts and sculpture", ¤ arthashastra "science of politics, economics", ¤ nitishastra "compendium of ethics or right policy
From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastra 161007
{a.shi.}
p032c3-b09/ p033
• अशिक्षित [ a-sikshita ]
- pp. unlearnt; not instructed or learned, in (ac., lc., inf.).
अशिक्षित a-sikshita
unlearnt; not instructed or learned, in (ac., lc., inf.).
p032c3-b10/ p033
• अशित [ as-itá ]
- pp. √2. as; -itávya, fp. to be eaten.
अशित as-itá
√2. as; -itávya, fp. to be eaten.
p032c3-b11/ p033
• अशिरस्् [ a-siras ]
- a. headless.
अशिरस्् a-siras
headless.
p032c3-b12/ p033
• अशिल्पिन्् [ a-silpin ]
- m. no artist or artisan.
अशिल्पिन्् a-silpin
no artist or artisan.
p032c3-b13/ p033
• अशिव [ á-siva ]
- a. baneful, ominous; n. evil, mischief: -samsin, a. ill-boding.
अशिव á-siva
baneful, ominous; n. evil, mischief: -samsin, a. ill-boding.
p032c3-b14/ p033
• अशिशिर [ a-sisira ]
- a. hot; -tâ, f. heat; -kara, -kirana, -rasmi,
m. sun.
अशिशिर a-sisira
hot; -tâ, f. heat; -kara, -kirana, -rasmi, m. sun.
p032c3-b15/ p033
• अशीत [ ¹. asîta ]
- a. eightieth.
अशीत 1. asîta
eightieth.
p032c3-b16/ p033
• अशीत [ ². a-sîta ]
- a. not cold, hot; -kara, -marîki, -ruk, -ruki,
m. sun.
अशीत 2. a-sîta
not cold, hot; -kara, -marîki, -ruk, -ruki, m. sun.
p032c3-b17/ p033
• अशीति [ as-îtí ]
- f. eighty; -tama, a. eightieth.
अशीति as-îtí
eighty; -tama, a. eightieth.
p032c3-b18/ p033
• अशीतिक [ asîti-ka ]
- a. eighty years old: -‿avara, a. at least eighty years old.
अशीतिक asîti-ka
eighty years old: -̮avara, a. at least eighty years old.
{a.shu.}
p032c3-b19/ p033
• अशुचि [ a-suki ]
- a. impure: -tva, n. impurity; -bhakshana, n. eating impure things;
-bhâva,
m. impurity; -varna, a. of impure colour: -tâ, f. impurity of colour.
अशुचि a-suki
impure: -tva, n. impurity; -bhakshana, n. eating impure
things; -bhâva, m. impurity; -varna, a. of impure colour:
-tâ, f. impurity of colour.
p032c3-b20/ p033
• अशुद्ध [ á-suddha ]
- pp. unclean; unknown, suspicious; -prakriti, a. having dishonest
ministers.
अशुद्ध á-suddha
unclean; unknown, suspicious; -prakriti, a. having dishonest
ministers.
p032c3-b21/ p033
• अशुद्धि [ a-suddhi ]
- f. impurity.
अशुद्धि a-suddhi
impurity.
p032c3-b22/ p033
• अशुभ [ á-subha ]
- a. ill-favoured; ill-omened; evil; disagreeable; -mati, a.
ill-disposed; -‿âtmaka, a. id.
अशुभ á-subha
ill-favoured; ill-omened; evil; disagreeable; -mati, a.
ill-disposed; -̮âtmaka, a. id.
p032c3-b23/ p033
• अशून्य [ a-sûnya ]
- a. not empty; not vain: -m kri, not leave undone, execute;
-‿artha, m.
clearing up: -m, ad. by way of explanation; a. clear, intelligible.
अशून्य a-sûnya
not empty; not vain: -m kri, not leave undone, execute;
-̮artha, m. clearing up: -m, ad. by way of explanation; a.
clear, intelligible.
{a.shRi.}
p032c3-b24/ p033
• अशृङ्ग [ a-sriṅga ]
- a. (î) hornless.
अशृङ्ग a-sriṅga
(î) hornless.
{a.shé}
p032c3-b25/ p033
• अशेष [ a-sesha ]
- m. no remainder; a. whole, all, entire: -tas, -m,
in. without reserve;
completely, fully.
अशेष a-sesha
no remainder; a. whole, all, entire: -tas, -m, in. without
reserve; completely, fully.
p032c3-b26/ p033
• अशेषय [ asesha-ya ]
- den. P. end entirely: pp. annihilated.
अशेषय asesha-ya
P. end entirely: pp. annihilated.
{a.shau:}
p032c3-b27/ p033
• अशोक [ á-soka ]
- a. free from sorrow; m. Asoka tree; n. Asoka flower (orange and
scarlet); -kara, m. N. of a fairy: î, f. N.; -taru,
m. Asoka tree; -datta, m.
N.; -naga, m. Asoka tree; -mâlâ, f. N.; -vriksha,
m. Asoka tree.
अशोक á-soka
free from sorrow; m. Asoka tree; n. Asoka flower (orange and
scarlet); -kara, m. N. of a fairy: î, f. N.; -taru, m. Asoka
tree; -datta, m. N.; -naga, m. Asoka tree; -mâlâ, f. N.; -vriksha,
m. Asoka tree.
©
• अशोक
asoka [ á-soka ]
Skt: अशोक
[ á-soka]
- a. free from sorrow; m.
Asoka tree; n. Asoka flower (orange
and scarlet) -- Mac032c3
BPal:
{a.þau:ka.} -- UHS-PMD0150
UKT from UHS: mfn. without anxiety.
m. N. of a plant Jonesia asoka
p032c3-b28/ p033
• अशोचनीय [ a-sok-anîya ]
- fp. not to be pitied or grieved for; -ya, fp. id.
अशोचनीय a-sok-anîya
not to be pitied or grieved for; -ya, fp. id.
p032c3-b29/ p033
• अशोधयित्वा [ a-sodhayitvâ ]
- gd. without settling.
अशोधयित्वा a-sodhayitvâ
without settling.
p032c3-b30/ p033
• अशोष्य [ a-soshya ]
- fp. not to be dried up.
अशोष्य a-soshya
not to be dried up.
p032c3-b31/ p033
• अशौच [ a-sauk-a ]
- n. impurity: -tva, n. id.; -in, a. impure.
अशौच a-sauk-a
impurity: -tva, n. id.; -in, a. impure.
( end of old p032-5.htm)
UKT 140805: MLC uses the word "Purgatory" and not 'Hell'.
UKT 161007: If Anatta were to mean the non-existence of a Soul, what is it that has to go through a Purgatory. I take the Anatta doctrine to be the embodiment of impermance - the ever-changing world. Was there a life before this present, or will there be life after death? As a physical scientist I confine my thinking on this life: Before and After is of no interest to me.
-- UKT 131113, 140805:
Trying to instill fear with unscientific accounts of hell and purgatory might have disciplined the unbelievers in ancient times, but in modern times such teachings turn the modern man against religion.
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory 140805
Purgatory, according to Catholic Church doctrine, is an intermediate state after physical death in which those destined for heaven "undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven". [1] [UKT ¶]
Only those who die in the state of grace but have not in life reached a sufficient level of holiness can be in Purgatory, and therefore no one in Purgatory will remain forever in that state or go to hell. This theological notion has ancient roots and is well-attested in early Christian literature, but the poetic conception of Purgatory as a geographically existing place is largely the creation of medieval Christian piety and imagination. [2]
The notion of Purgatory is associated particularly with the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church (in the Eastern sui juris churches or rites it is a doctrine, though it is not often called "Purgatory", but the "final purification" or the "final theosis"); Anglicans of the Anglo-Catholic tradition generally also hold to the belief, along with many Lutherans of High Church Lutheranism. Eastern Orthodox Churches believe in the possibility of a change of situation for the souls of the dead through the prayers of the living and the offering of the Divine Liturgy, and many Orthodox, especially among ascetics, hope and pray for a general apocatastasis. [3] [UKT ¶]
Judaism also believes in the possibility of after-death purification and may even use the word "purgatory" to present its understanding of the meaning of Gehenna. [4] However, the concept of soul "purification" may be explicitly denied in these other faith traditions.
The word "Purgatory", derived through Anglo-Norman and Old French from the Latin word purgatorium, [5] has come to refer also to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem suffering short of everlasting damnation, [2] and is used, in a non-specific sense, to mean any place or condition of suffering or torment, especially one that is temporary. [6]
UKT 140805: Even in this modern world with man-made satellites circling overhead in Space which the Ancients believed to be Heaven, there are those who believe that Heaven and Hell are real physical places. So it is not surprising to read of those who believe in such notions. I have one ex-student with a degree in Industrial Chemistry from Rangoon Arts & Sc. Univ., who really believes that Hell exists deep below the surface of the Earth. Continue reading the present Wikipedia article:
In 1206, a peasant named Thurkhill in England claimed that Saint Julian took him on a tour of Purgatory. He gave precise details, including descriptions of what he called Purgatory's "torture chambers", and was widely believed, including by the Church historian Roger of Wendover. [53]
In Dante's fourteenth century work The Divine Comedy, Purgatory is depicted as a mountain in the southern hemisphere. It is apparently the only land there. Souls who loved God and man half-heartedly find themselves at Mt. Purgatory, where there are two levels, then Seven Levels representing the Seven deadly sins with ironic punishments. For example, on the first level for Pride the inhabitants are weighed down by huge stones which forces them to look at examples of Pride on the pavement like Arachne. When they reach the top they will find themselves at Jerusalem's antipode, the Garden of Eden itself. Thus cleansed of all sin and made perfect, they wait in Earthly paradise before ascending to Heaven.
In 1999 Pope John Paul II referred to Purgatory as "a condition of existence", [19] implying that it is most likely not an actual physical location or place.
In 2011 Pope Benedict XVI, speaking of Saint Catherine of Genoa (1447–1510), said that in her time the purification of souls (Purgatory) was pictured as a location in space, but that the saint saw Purgatory as a purifying inner fire, such as she experienced in her profound sorrow for sins committed, when compared with God's infinite love. She said that being bound still to the desires and suffering that derive from sin makes it impossible for the soul to enjoy the beatific vision of God. The Pope commented: "We too feel how distant we are, how full we are of so many things that we cannot see God. The soul is aware of the immense love and perfect justice of God and consequently suffers for having failed to respond in a correct and perfect way to this love; and love for God itself becomes a flame, love itself cleanses it from the residue of sin." [54]
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avici 120117
In [Mahayana] Buddhism, Avīci (Skt and Pali: "without waves"; also transliterated Avichi, Japanese and Chinese language: 無間地獄, むげんじごく and 阿鼻地獄, あびじごく) is the lowest level of the Naraka or "hell" realm, into which the dead who have committed grave misdeeds may be reborn. It is said to be a cube 20,000 yojanas to a side. [1]
People reborn in Avīci generally have committed one or more of the Five Grave Offenses:
• Intentionally murdering one's father
• Intentionally murdering one's mother
• Killing an Arhat (enlightened being)
• Shedding the blood of a Buddha
• Creating a schism within the Sangha, the community of Buddhist monks and nuns.
Buddhism teaches that rebirth into Naraka is temporary, while the offending being works off the karma they performed. Similarly, rebirth into Avīci hell is not eternal. However, suffering in Avīci is the longest of all the levels of hell, by some accounts over 1018 years long . Some sutras state that rebirth in Avīci will be for innumerable kalpas (eons). When the offending being passes away after one kalpa, he is again reborn in the same place, undergoing suffering for another kalpa, and on and on until he has exhausted his bad karma. [2] For this reason, Avīci hell is also known as the "non-stop way" (無間道).
Nichiren famously wrote that Buddhist monks who ignored the passages in the Lotus Sutra, which claimed its superiority over other sutras would fall into the Avīci hell. [3] Outside of Nichiren, it is extremely rare for a Buddhist monk to condemn anyone to Avīci hell. Although the Lotus Sutra itself states "when his [those who slander] life comes to an end, he will enter the Avichi Hell."
UKT 131113: Rev. Nichiren (February 16, 1222 – October 13, 1282) was a Japanese Mahayana Buddhist monk who lived during the Kamakura period (1185–1333) in Japan. Nichiren taught devotion to the Lotus Sutra (entitled Myōhō-Renge-Kyō in Japanese) — which contained Gautama Buddha's teachings towards the end of his life — as the exclusive means to attain enlightenment. Nichiren believed that this sutra contained the essence of all of Gautama Buddha's teachings relating to the laws of cause and effect and karma. This devotion to the sutra entails the chanting of Nam(u)-Myōhō-Renge-Kyō (referred to as "daimoku") as the essential practice of the teaching. [1] -- From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren 131113
The Lotus Sutra is a Mahayana Sutra which the Buddha was said to have preached to the Nagas
{na.ga:} initially, only to be revealed to the humans years later at an appropriate time. This brought to mind the idea of non-human Naga being superior to human Man - an idea that is uncomfortable with the Theravada Buddhists.
Rebirth in Avīci (or any lower realm for that matter) should be seen as a process of purification rather than a form of punishment as there is no supernatural being that determines anyone's fate of its own will [4] and everyone is responsible for their own actions and their consequences: "[...] beings are owners of kamma, heir to kamma, born of kamma, related through kamma, and have kamma as their arbitrator. Kamma is what creates distinctions among beings in terms of coarseness & refinement." [5] Thus, being reborn in Avīci is purely the inevitable result of one's evil deeds and not the decision of, for example, a malevolent deity.
UKT: End of Wiki article
Go back Avici-note-b
{a.sha.} /
{a.Sa.} /
{a.þa.} //
{æþ} /
{æS~} - UKT 150422:
Note: Skt-Dev p032.htm, p033.htm, p034.htm, p035.htm, p036-1.htm must be treated as a group for transcription-transliteration with Pal-Myan in UHS-PMD pages 0142-0153, for words such as Pal:
{æþ~þa}.
Inability of the IE speakers to pronounce
{þa.} as /θ/, is an obstacle in
transcription-transliteration of English
(IE) into Burmese (Tib-Bur). My approach
to solving this problem lies in the same
phenomenon between Skt-Dev (IE) and Pal-Myan
(Tib-Bur as is spoken in Myanmarpré). Since
there is no way out, I am forced to accept
the pronunciation of
{þa.} as /s/ in Sanskrit. From the meaning
of many Pal-Myan words and their
corresponding Skt-Dev equivalents, the /s/
is seen to be not the palatal plosive-stop,
{sa.} च , but dental hissing-sibilant,
{Sa.} ष . Remember that the "hisser"
{Sa.} ष is not present in Bur-Myan,
and that under virama,
{a.þût}, gives rise to
{S}. The "husher"
{Sha.}/{sha.}, on the other hand, is present in
Bur-Myan. See
{a.sha.}. Whether it is derived from
{Sa.} ष or
{sa.} च, is immaterial because both in the
onset position gives rise to the same phoneme
/ʃ/. Because of Skt:
{Sa.} ष &
{Sha.}/{sha.} stand for Pal:
{þa.}, you should look for Pal:
{a.þa.} &
{æþ~þa} whenever you see Skt:
{S~}.
UKT 150705, 161007:
If only the effect of killed-{sha.} was similar to that of killed-{sa.}, a pronunciation similar to
{ic} will be realized. See p004.htm .
Because of uncertainty in case of other dental-approximants, I had planned to give only
The effect of killed fricatives,
{sh},
{Sa.} &
{þa.}, on the preceding nuclear vowel
is expected to be quite different from
that of the killed plosive-stops
{s} &
{z}. The main reason being,
killed fricatives cannot stop the vowel sound completely, whereas the killed
stops can. The effects of killed
{Ñ} &
{ng} follow somewhat of killed
{sa.}
&
{za.}.
I propose the term semi-nasals for
{Ña.} &
{nga.}.
The effect of killed true-nasals,
{ma.}, {na.} &
{ñ} is 'ineffective'
just like those of vowel endings.
In Pal-Myan, killing
{ña.}. Whereas in Bur-Myan we can have killed Nya'gyee
In Bur-Myan
{kic~sæÑ:} is legitimate, whereas in Pal-Myan it is
{kic~siñ~ña.} pronounced as "Kic'sin'nya" almost the same as in International Pali.
Remember
{sha.}-killed is expected to be different from that
of
{sa.}-killed giving
{ic}.
{sa.}-killed ends the nuclear vowel with a stop.
{sha.}-killed ends the nuclear vowel with a hush.
{Sa.}-killed ends the nuclear vowel with a hiss.
{þa.}-killed ends the nuclear vowel with an "Theta" /θ/ .
See also p004.htm on killed {sa.}
and killed {nga.}
Go back Coda-on-vowel-note-b
{a.sha.} -->
/
UKT: 131111, 140805, 161008:
My peers and I have been trying to come up with Romabama representation for the phoneme Ash - the transliteration, and the following are our decisions which may have to be revised :
• Pronunciation: From the transliteration
we have to come up with a transcription which will be close to pronunciation.• We will have to note the formation of special graphemes which are conjuncts but have to be treated as basic consonants, like Pseudo Kha Ksa
{k~Sa.} क्ष --> {ksa.}; and Pseudo Za Jna
{z~ña.} ज्ञ .
• Pseudo Kha Ksa
{hka.} in many Pal-Myan (Tib-Myan) words to Skt-Dev (IE) words. Example:
¤{sak~hku.} 'eye' 'sight' (UHS PMD0379) cf.
¤ चक्षुष्पति «cakṣuṣpati» [kakshush-pati] 'lord of all eyes' (Mac090c2)
Note: Take care of Skt-Dev transliterations. «...» gives IAST transliterations, and [...] Macdonell's which follows the system used by Max Müller in Sacred Books of the East
See Wikipedia articles:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration 161010
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East 161010• Pseudo Za Jna
{Za.} of Bur-Myan & Pal-Myan (Tib-Bur), and to
{zya.}/
{zhya.} of Mon-Myan (Aus-Asi = Austro-Asiatic). Example:
¤{Zaan} (Bur-Myan),
(Pal-Myan) 'insight' 'knowledge' (UHS PMP0420) cf.
¤ ज्ञ [ gñá ] = ज ् ञ -->
Note: I conjecture the introduction of{na.} is due to mix up
• Do not forget the possibility of
{za.} with hanging Nya'gyi
{Z~Ña.}
Hanging Nya'gyi{ya.pín.} placed under
• Remember that in regular Bur-Myan, /ʃ/ is represented in two forms:
#1.{þhya.} derived from
#2.{rha.} derived from
Since
#3.{sh}
Whether you write {Sha.} or {sha.} is immaterial. It does not effect the pronunciation, because both
Please note, especially my friends at Myanmar Language Commission that had been headed by my old departed sayas such as
Rector U Hla Shwé , that my representation
Remember
{sha.} श /ʃ/ and
{Sa.} ष /s/, are not our
regular phonemes: we are familiar only
with non-hissing fricative
{þa.} स /θ/ and
the plosive-stop
{sa.} च «ca».
Bur-Myan phonemes in coda are nonhissing
(note: I am dropping the hyphen to
use the combination as a regular word),
whereas Skt-Dev phonemes
{sha.} श /ʃ/ and
{Sa.} ष /s/ are very
prominent husher and hisser. Remember
that going from the sibilant to thibilant
changes the vowel, at least a change in
length.
Before I can decide on a pronunciation, let us tentatively say it is {ash}. It may be changed to {ísh}.
Tentatively:
Ash/Ish{sh~na.} श ् न = श्न
Please note, I am on very thin ice, and expect to rewrite this note after more study but before I went through!
- UKT 150706, 161004
Compound words are words made by joining different words together. An example in English is <battlefield> from words <battle> & <field>. There is no hyphen between them. <Battlefield> is a complete word made up of 3 syllables. To transcribe such words into Bur-Myan, it is important to know the original words and the syllable breaks in them.
From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_compound 150706
One notable feature of the agglutinative
nominal system of Sanskrit is the very
common use of nominal compounds
{þa.ma-þa.}
UKT from UHS: m. compounding, shortening, joining of words{waad}
See also
Nominal compounds [formed from Nouns
{naam} & Pronouns
{naam-sa:}] occur with various structures,
but morphologically speaking they are
essentially the same: each noun (or adjective)
is in its (weak) stem form, with only the
final element receiving case inflection.
UKT: Wikipedia lists the following 6 classes of Skt-Dev compounds:
1. Avyayībhāva
2.
Tatpuruṣa (determinative)
2.1.
Karmadhāraya (descriptive)
2.2.
Nañ-samāsa
2.3.
Upapada-samāsa
3.
Dvandva (co-ordinative)
: द्वन्द्व =
द्वन्द्व
3.1.
Itaretara dvandva
:
3.2.
Samāhāra dvandva
4. Bahuvrīhi (possessive)
5. Aluk-samāsa
6. Āmreḍita (iterative)
Go back skt-compd-note-b
UKT 131106, 140805, 161004:
Based on the number of hymns directed to the various gods and goddesses in the Veda, we can definitely say that the present-day Veda is an altered version. Gautama Buddha could accept the Rishis of the ancient Vedas, but would not accept those in the later Vedas. Therefore, the above "not prescribed by the Veda" must be taken with caution. For the number of hymns in the Veda, see Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deities 140805.
If we are go by the number of
hymns, the present day Hindu Trinity,
Mahabrahma , Vishnu, & Siva are
minor gods, whereas Indra (289),
Agni (218), & Soma (123) are the
major ones.
"Soma" was an important god,
which could also be taken as a "sleep
inducing" plant or tranquilizer.
There is no doubt that it could be
misused leading to addiction. We should
not be surprised to find the Ancients
of both the Old and New Worlds to find
something like it in their medicine
chests.
See: Soma in the Americas
- HIDDEN IN PLAIN SIGHT
www.mushroomstone.com/somaintheamericas.htm 140805
The above well-written article, written
by Carl de Borhegyi, © 2011, has to tried to identify Vedic Soma as
a mushroon, Amanita muscaria
(Fries ex L.) Quel. See Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria 140805
From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_drink 161024
Soma (Skt: soma) or Haoma (Avestan language), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma-, was a Vedic ritual drink [1] of importance among the early Indo-Iranians. It is mentioned in the Rigveda, particularly in the Soma Mandala. In the Avestan literature, Haoma has the entire Yasht 20 and Yasna 9-11 dedicated to it.
It is described as being prepared by extracting the juice from a plant, the identity of which is now unknown and debated among scholars. In both Hinduism and Zoroastrianism, the name of the drink and the plant are the same.
There has been much speculation concerning what is most likely to have been the identity of the original plant. There is no consensus on the question, although some proposed candidates include Amanita muscaria, Psilocybe cubensis, Peganum Harmala and Ephedra sinica.
Go back Veda-Soma-note-b / Veda-Soma-note-b2
End of TIL file