TIL

Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus

p157.htm

• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg; 1929.
- Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
- https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton, pp. 627.
- FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary , by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).  Downloaded copies in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> / bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
•  Pali-Myanmar Dictionary (in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
- HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190624)

Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL). Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL  Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR 
 - http://www.tuninst.net , www.romabama.blogspot.com 

MC-indx.htm | Top
MCpp-indx.htm

Contents of this page 

{pa.ru.}
  p157-c1
{pa.ré} : {pa.} + front mid-vowel
{pa.rau:} : {pa.} + back mid-vowel - {pa.ro}?
{par}
  p157-c2
  p157-c3
{pa.la.}

UKT notes :
• Atiratra Agnicayana : building the fire-alter
• Rhoticity Problem in mid-vowels in BEPS

Contents of this page

{pa.ru.}

p157-c1

p157c1-b00/ p094

• परुषेतर parusetara [ parusha‿itara ]
-- a. reverse of severe, gentle, benign; -‿ukti, f. rough speech.
परुषेतर   parusha̮itara reverse of severe, gentle, benign; -̮ukti, f. rough speech.

p157c1-b01/ p094

• परुष्णी parusni [ párush-n-î ]
-- f. (of parusha) cloud (motley); N. of a river in the Panjâb (knotty, winding), now Ravi.
परुष्णी   párush-n-î parusha) cloud (motley); N. of a river in the Panjâb (knotty, winding), now Ravi.

p157c1-b02/ p094

• परुष्य parusya [ parush-ya ]
-- a. variegated, manifold.
परुष्य   parush-ya variegated, manifold.

p157c1-b03/ p094

• परुस् parus [ pár-us ]
-- n. knot; joint; limb; section.
 परुस्   pár-us knot; joint; limb; section.

Contents of this page

{pa.ré}

The two syllables, {pa.} प & {ra.} र, could easily form a medial in Bur-Myan as: {pré} .
Its equivalent in Bur-Dev is : प्रे <-- प ् र े . Here because of rhoticity of {ra.} र, we have a serious problem in BEPS. See my note on the Rhoticity Problem in mid-vowels in BEPS.

p157c1-b04/ p094

• परे pare [ paré ]
= प र े
-- lc. ad. at a later time, subsequently.
परे   paré at a later time, subsequently.

p157c1-b05/ p094

• परेङ्गितज्ञानफल parengitajnanaphala [ para‿iṅgita-gñâna-phala ]
-- a. fruitful in the discovery of another's hints.
परेङ्गितज्ञानफल   para̮iṅgita-gñâna-phala fruitful in the discovery of another's hints.

p157c1-b06/ p094

• परेण parena [ párena ]
-- (in.) ad. prp. beyond, over, past (ac.); after (ab., g.); subsequently, later, afterwards.
परेण   párena beyond, over, past (ac.); after (ab., g.); subsequently, later, afterwards.

p157c1-b07/ p094

• परेत pareta [ parâ‿ita ]
-- pp. (gone away), deceased: -bhartri, m. lord of the dead, ep. of Yama; -bhûmi, f. cemetery; -râga, m. king of the dead, ep. of Yama; -‿âvâsa, m. cemetery.
 परेत   parâ̮ita (gone away), deceased: -bhartri, m. lord of the dead, ep. of Yama; -bhûmi, f. cemetery; -râga, m. king of the dead, ep. of Yama; -̮âvâsa, m. cemetery.

p157c1-b08

• परेतर paretara [ paretara ]
-- a. trustworthy or attracting adversaries.
परेतर   paretara trustworthy or attracting adversaries.

p157c1-b09/ p094

• परेद्यवि paredyavi [ pare-dyavi ]
-- ad. on the following day, to-morrow.
परेद्यवि   pare-dyavi on the following day, to-morrow.

p157c1-b10/ p094

• परेप्राण pareprana [ pare-prâna ]
-- a. dearer than life.
परेप्राण   pare-prâna dearer than life.

Contents of this page

{pa.rau:} : {pa.ro} ?

Continuation from Rhoticity Problem in mid-vowels in BEPS.
   The two syllables, {pa.} प & {ra.} र, could easily form a medial in Bur-Myan as: {pré} .
Its equivalent in Bur-Dev is : प्रे <-- प ् र े . Here because of rhoticity of {ra.} र, we have a serious problem in BEPS.

p157c1-b11/ p094

• परोऽक्ष paro'ksa [ paró-[a]ksha ]
Skt: -- a. [beyond the eye], being out of sight, invisible, imperceptible; unknown, unintelligible; cognizable by mind only; °--, imperceptibly: -- Mac157c1
परो&100;क्ष   paró-[a]ksha [beyond the eye], being out of sight, invisible, imperceptible; unknown, unintelligible; cognizable by mind only; °--, imperceptibly: -m, ad. behind the back of, without the knowledge of (in. V.; g. or --°, C.); in. imperceptibly, mysteriously; ab. without the knowledge of (in.); behind the back of (g.); when one has not been present (gr.); -kâma, a. fond of mystery; -krita, pp. not addressing but merely referring to a deity indirectly, i. e. in the third person (verse); -tâ, f., -tva, n. being out of sight, imperceptibility; obscurity; -vritti, a. living or acting out of sight; -̮artha, a. invisible; secret, recondite.
BPal: {pa.rauk~hka.}
- - UHS-PMD-0641

UKT from UHS: out of sight.
Here 'sight' refers to the physical eye-sight. It can also mean what is beyond the physical perception of sight, or what can only be "seen" mentally.

UKT: Note the avagraha ऽ in Skt-Dev. I suspect its presence is to prevent the breakup of «ksa» as has happened in Pal-Myan. In this case, परोऽक would have to be changed to परोख . I wait for input from my peers. -- UKT120705

© -m, ad. behind the back of, without the knowledge of (in. V.; g. or --°, C.); in. imperceptibly, mysteriously; ab. without the knowledge of (in.); behind the back of (g.); when one has not been present (gr.); -kâma, a. fond of mystery; -krita, pp. not addressing but merely referring to a deity indirectly, i. e. in the third person (verse); -tâ, f., -tva, n. being out of sight, imperceptibility; obscurity; -vritti, a. living or acting out of sight; -‿artha, a. invisible; secret, recondite.

p157c1-b12/ p094

• परोक्षा paroksa [ parokshâ ]
-- f. past completed action; personal ending of the perfect (gr.).
परोक्षा   parokshâ past completed action; personal ending of the perfect (gr.).

p157c1-b13/ p094

• परोक्षार्थ paroksartha [ paroksha‿artha ] m. invisible object, the invisible.
परोक्षार्थ   paroksha̮artha invisible object, the invisible.

p157c1-b14/ p094

• परोपकरण paropakarana [ para‿upakarana ]
-- n. rendering of services to others; î-kri, make the instrument of others; -‿upakâra, m. services rendered to others; -‿upakâr-in, a. benefiting others (-i-tva, n. abst. ɴ.); m. N. of a prince; -‿upakriti, f. rendering of services to others.
परोपकरण   para̮upakarana rendering of services to others; î-kri, make the instrument of others; -̮upakâra, m. services rendered to others; -̮upakâr-in, a. benefiting others (-i-tva, n. abst. n.); m. N. of a prince; -̮upakriti, f. rendering of services to others.

p157c1-b15/ p094

• परोपग paropaga [ para‿upaga ]
-- a. dependent on something else, adjectival; -‿upadesa, m. instruction of others.
परोपग   para̮upaga dependent on something else, adjectival; -̮upadesa, m. instruction of others.

p157c1-b16/ p094

• परोरजस् parorajas [ paro-ragas ]
-- a. free from passions.
 परोरजस्   paro-ragas free from passions.
 

p157c1-b17/ p094

परोऽवरम् paro'varam [ paro-(a)varám ]
-- ad. from above downwards, in succession; -varîyas, cpv. broader above.
परो&100;वरम्   paro-(a)varám from above downwards, in succession; -varîyas, cpv. broader above.

p157c1-b18/ p094

• परोष्णिह् parosnih [ para[h]‿ushnih ]
-- f. a metre (8+ 8+12 syllables).
परोष्णिह्   para[h]̮ushnih (8+ 8+12 syllables).

p157c1-b19/ p094

• परोष्णी parosni [ paroshnî ]
-- f. N. of a river (probably corrupted from Parushnî: cp. Payoshnî).
परोष्णी   paroshnî Parushnî: cp. Payoshnî).

Contents of this page

{par}

We have already found in p153.htm , {pa.} & {ra.} do not form the medial {pra.}. Here we are finding that in Skt-Dev the repha {par} is formed. From this we can conclude that whereas Bur-Myan {ra.} is an approximant /ɹ/ (and therefore a medial former), Skt-Dev is not. Skt-Dev र «ra» is more rhotic and is a trill /r/. Bur-Myan {ra.} is more akin to British-English and is quite different from the more rhotic American-English. -- UKT120706

p157c1-b20/ p094

• पर्क parka [ park-a ]
-- m. [√prik] mixture or libation (--°).
 पर्क   park-a [√prik] mixture or libation (--°). 

p157c1-b21/ p094

• पर्कटी parkati [ parkatî ]
-- f. wavy-leaved fig-tree (Ficus infectoria).
पर्कटी   parkatî wavy-leaved fig-tree (Ficus infectoria).

p157c1-b22/ not online

• पच् [PARK]
-- v. पृच् [PRIK]

p157c1-b23/ p094

• पर्जन्य parjanya [ parg-ánya ]
-- m. rain-cloud; rain; god of rain: -ginvita, pp. animated by Parganya.
पर्जन्य   parg-ánya rain-cloud; rain; god of rain: -ginvita, pp. animated by Parganya.

p157c1-b24/ p094

• पर्ण parna [ par-ná ]
-- n. [taking across, wafting: √2. pri ] pinion, wing; feather (also of an arrow); leaf (--°, a. â, î); betel-leaf; m. a tree with large leaves (Butea frondosa), in C. generally called palâsa; -krikkhra, m. a kind  ( p157c1 end ) ( p157c2-top  )
of penance; -puta, m. n. leaf rolled into a funnel shape; -vat, a. abounding in leaves; -vîtikâ, f. areca nut wrapped with spices in a betel-leaf; -sabda, m. rustling of leaves; -sara, m. stalk of the Parna-leaf; -sâlâ, f. arbour.
पर्ण   par-ná [taking across, wafting: √2. pri] pinion, wing; feather (also of an arrow); leaf (--°, a. â, î); betel-leaf; m. a tree with large leaves (Butea frondosa), in C. generally called palâsa; -krikkhra, m. a kind of penance; -puta, m. n. leaf rolled into a funnel shape; -vat, a. abounding in leaves; -vîtikâ, f. areca nut wrapped with spices in a betel-leaf; -sabda, m. rustling of leaves; -sara, m. stalk of the Parna-leaf; -sâlâ, f. arbour. 

Contents of this page

p157-c2

p157c2-b01/ p094 

• पर्णाद parnada [ parna‿ada ]
-- m. N. of a Brâhman: -vak ana, n. speech of Parnâda; -‿âhâra, a. feeding on leaves.
पर्णाद   parna̮ada -vakana, n. speech of Parnâda; -̮âhâra, a. feeding on leaves.

p157c2-b02/ p094

• पर्णोटज parnotaja  [ parna‿utaga ]
-- n. (?) hut of leaves; -‿utsa, m. N. of a village.
पर्णोटज   parna̮utaga (?) hut of leaves; -̮utsa, m. N. of a village.

p157c2-b03/ not online

• [parmâdi] (or -ndi )
-- m. N. of a prince

p157c2-b04/ p094 

• पर्यक् paryak [ pari‿ak ]
-- ad. (n. of pari‿añk) round about.
 पर्यक्   pari̮ak pari̮añk) round about. 

p157c2-b05/ p094

• पर्यग्नि paryagni [ pari‿agni ]
-- m. encircling fire, firebrand carried round the victim; the ceremony of carrying round the firebrand: i (ad.) or -m kri, perform this ceremony; -karana, n. performance of the Paryagni ceremony; -krita, pp. having been encircled by the firebrand.
 पर्यग्नि   pari̮agni encircling fire, firebrand carried round the victim; the ceremony of carrying round the firebrand: i (ad.) or -m kri, perform this ceremony; -karana, n. performance of the Paryagni ceremony; -krita, pp. having been encircled by the firebrand.

p157c2-b06/ p094

• पर्यङ्क paryanka [ pari‿aṅka ] m. couch, bed; squatting posture: -bandha, m., -granthi-bandha, m. doubling of the legs in squatting; -stha, a. sitting on a sofa.
पर्यङ्क   pari̮aṅka couch, bed; squatting posture: -bandha, m., -granthi-bandha, m. doubling of the legs in squatting; -stha, a. sitting on a sofa.

p157c2-b07/ p094

• पर्यङ्किका paryankika [ paryaṅk-ikâ ]
-- f. couch.
पर्यङ्किका   paryaṅk-ikâ couch.

p157c2-b08/ not online

• [paryaṅkî-kri]
-- turn into a couch
 

p157c2-b09/ p094

• पर्यटक paryataka [ pari‿ataka ]
-- m. vagabond; -‿atana, n. roaming about, strolling (with g. or --°); -‿anu yoktavya, fp. to be asked; to be called upon to answer; -‿anuyoga, m. enquiry; reproach; -‿antá, m. (limit around), boundary, border, skirt, limit, edge, end; °--=adjacent, neighbouring; --°, a. surrounded or limited by, reaching to, ending with; °-or -m, to the end of, up to, as far as (--°); -m, ad. completely, exhaustively; kim paryantam, how far?
पर्यटक   pari̮ataka vagabond; -̮atana, n. roaming about, strolling (with g. or --°); -̮anuyoktavya, fp. to be asked; to be called upon to answer; -̮anuyoga, m. enquiry; reproach; -̮antá, m. (limit around), boundary, border, skirt, limit, edge, end; °--=adjacent, neighbouring; --°, a. surrounded or limited by, reaching to, ending with; °-- or -m, to the end of, up to, as far as (--°); -m, ad. completely, exhaustively; kim paryantam, how far?

p157c2-b10/ p094

• पर्यय paryaya [ pari‿aya ] m. revolution, expiration (of a period); change, alteration.
 पर्यय   pari̮aya revolution, expiration (of a period); change, alteration.

p157c2-b11/ p094

• पर्यवधारण paryavadharana [ pari‿avadhârana ]
-- n. mature reflexion; -‿avasâna, n. conclusion, end; resulting in (lc.); -‿avasâyin, a. ending with, resulting in (--°).
पर्यवधारण   pari̮avadhârana mature reflexion; -̮avasâna, n. conclusion, end; resulting in (lc.); -̮avasâyin, a. ending with, resulting in (--°).

p157c2-b12/ p094

• पर्यश्रु paryasru [ pari‿asru ]
-- a. bathed in tears, tearful.
 पर्यश्रु   pari̮asru bathed in tears, tearful.

p157c2-b13/ p094

• पर्याकुल paryakula [ pari‿âkula ]
-- a. filled with, full of (--°); disordered, disarranged; confused; agitated: -tva, n. confusion; -ya, den. P. confuse; agitate; î-kri, id.; î-bhû, become confused.
पर्याकुल   pari̮âkula filled with, full of (--°); disordered, disarranged; confused; agitated: -tva, n. confusion; -ya, den. P. confuse; agitate; î-kri, id.; î-bhû, become confused.

p157c2-b14/ p094

• पर्याण paryana [ pari-[y]âna ]
-- a. circuitous; n. saddle: i-ta, pp. saddled.
पर्याण   pari-[y]âna circuitous; n. saddle: i-ta, pp. saddled.

p157c2-b15/ not online

• [pari‿âdhâtri]
-- m. man who has set up the sacred fire before his elder brother

p157c2-b16/ p094

• पर्याप्त paryapta [ pari‿âpta ]
-- pp. sufficient: -tâ, f. abundance; (pári)-‿âpti, f. conclusion; sufficiency; being a match for any one; competency, capacity for (--°).
 पर्याप्त   pari̮âpta sufficient: -tâ, f. abundance; (pári)-̮âpti, f. conclusion; sufficiency; being a match for any one; competency, capacity for (--°).

p157c2-b17/ p094

• पर्याय paryaya [ pari‿âya ]
-- m. revolution; expiration of a period; change of seasons; periodic return; repetition; regular succession; turn; ritual turn with the Soma cups in the Atirâtra feast; period, sentence; stanza; alternative word, synonym: °-or in. in order; alternately, -m, abs. going about; -krama, m. order of succession, regular rotation; -tva, n. condition of being a ritual turn; -‿anna, n. food meant for another.
पर्याय   pari̮âya revolution; expiration of a period; change of seasons; periodic return; repetition; regular succession; turn; ritual turn with the Soma cups in the Atirâtra feast; period, sentence; stanza; alternative word, synonym: °-- or in. in order; alternately, -m, abs. going about; -krama, m. order of succession, regular rotation; -tva, n. condition of being a ritual turn; -̮anna, n. food meant for another. 

See my note on Atiratra Agnicayana

p157c2-b18/ p094

• पर्यालोचन paryalocana [ pari‿âlokana ]
-- n. deliberation; â, f. id.; plan, scheme.
पर्यालोचन   pari̮âlokana deliberation; â, f. id.; plan, scheme.

p157c2-b19/ p094

• पर्यावर्त paryavarta [ pari‿âvarta ]
-- m. return; exchange; -‿âvila, a. extremely turbid.
पर्यावर्त   pari̮âvarta return; exchange; -̮âvila, a. extremely turbid. 
( p157c2 end )

Contents of this page

p157-c3

p157c3-b00/ p094

• पर्यास paryasa [ pari‿âsá ]
-- m. rotation; border; conclusion; concluding stanza in recitation: -na, n. revolution.
पर्यास   pari̮âsá rotation; border; conclusion; concluding stanza in recitation: -na, n. revolution.

p157c3-b01/ p094

• पर्याहाव paryahava [ pari‿âhâva ]
-- m. a certain formula preceding and following a verse; -‿âhita, (pp. √dhâ) m. man whose younger brother has set up the sacred fire before him.
पर्याहाव   pari̮âhâva formula preceding and following a verse; -̮âhita, (pp. √dhâ) m. man whose younger brother has set up the sacred fire before him.

p157c3-b02/ p094

• पर्युक paryuka [ pari‿uka ]
m. N.; -‿ukshana, n. sprinkling; -‿utsuka, a. very restless or agitated; very melancholy; vehemently longing for (d.): -tva, n. longing desire, î-bhû, become very melancholy; -‿ud-asta, pp. excepting; -‿udâsa, m. exclusion, negation; -‿upâsaka, a. honouring, respecting; -‿upâsana, n. sitting round (Pr.); courtesy, affability; -‿ushita, pp. (√vas, dwell) stale; not punctually kept (word); -‿ushta, pp. id.
पर्युक   pari̮uka sprinkling; -̮utsuka, a. very restless or agitated; very melancholy; vehemently longing for (d.): -tva, n. longing desire, î-bhû, become very melancholy; -̮ud-asta, pp. excepting; -̮udâsa, m. exclusion, negation; -̮upâsaka, a. honouring, respecting; -̮upâsana, n. sitting round (Pr.); courtesy, affability; -̮ushita, pp. (√vas, dwell) stale; not punctually kept (word); -̮ushta, pp. id.

p157c3-b03/ p094

• पर्येष्टव्य paryestavya [ pari‿eshtavya ]
-- fp. to be sought; -‿eshan a, n. search.
पर्येष्टव्य   pari̮eshtavya to be sought; -̮eshana, n. search.

p157c3-b04/ not online

• [parva]
-- --°, a.=parvan; -gupta , m. N.

p157c3-b05/ p094

• पर्वत parvata [ pár-vat-a ]
-- a. consisting of knots or ragged masses (with ádri or girí); m. mountain, hill; rock, boulder; cloud; N. of a Rishi and of a minister of Purûravas: -ka, m. N.; -kandara, n. mountain-cave; -dur ga, n. impenetrable mountain; -râg: -a, m. king of mountains, ep. of the Himâlaya; -si khara, m. n. hill-top, mountain-peak; -sre shtha, spv. best of mountains; -‿agra, n. id.; î-kri, turn into a mountain; &isharp;-ya, a. belonging to mountains; -‿îsvara, m. N.; -‿upa-tyakâ, f. mountain-lowland, land at the foot of a mountain-range.
पर्वत   pár-vat-a consisting of knots or ragged masses (with ádri or girí); m. mountain, hill; rock, boulder; cloud; N. of a Rishi and of a minister of Purûravas: -ka, m. N.; -kandara, n. mountain-cave; -durga, n. impenetrable mountain; -râg: -a, m. king of mountains, ep. of the Himâlaya; -sikhara, m. n. hill-top, mountain-peak; -sreshtha, spv. best of mountains; -̮agra, n. id.; î-kri, turn into a mountain; î-ya, a. belonging to mountains; -̮îsvara, m. N.; -̮upa-tyakâ, f. mountain-lowland, land at the foot of a mountain-range.

p157c3-b06/ p094

• पर्वन् parvan [ pár-van ]
-- n. [fulness: √1. pri] knot of a cane or plant; joint; limb; section, division in a book; natural break in a narrative or conversation; juncture, period; node, day of periodic change of the moon (of which there are two or four); sacrifice performed on one of these days; time when the moon passes through the node at conjunction or opposition; end of an eclipse; (-va)-sarkaraka, m. N.; (-va)-samdhi, m. change of moon, esp. time of new or full-moon.
पर्वन्   pár-van [fulness: √1. pri] knot of a cane or plant; joint; limb; section, division in a book; natural break in a narrative or conversation; juncture, period; node, day of periodic change of the moon (of which there are two or four); sacrifice performed on one of these days; time when the moon passes through the node at conjunction or opposition; end of an eclipse; (-va)-sarkaraka, m. N.; (-va)-samdhi, m. change of moon, esp. time of new or full-moon.

p157c3-b07/ p094

• पर्वात्यय parvatyaya [ parva‿atyaya ]
-- m. end of an eclipse; -‿âsphota, m. cracking of the fingers.
पर्वात्यय   parva̮atyaya end of an eclipse; -̮âsphota, m. cracking of the fingers.

p157c3-b08/ p094

• पर्विणी parvini  [ parvin-î ]
-- f. feast-day.
पर्विणी   parvin-î feast-day.

p157c3-b09/ p094

• पर्शान parsana [ párs-âna ]
-- m. cavity, gulf, abyss.
पर्शान   párs-âna cavity, gulf, abyss.

p157c3-b10/ p094

• पर्शु parsu [ párs-u ]
-- f. rib; curved knife, sickle.
पर्शु   párs-u rib; curved knife, sickle.

p157c3-b11/ not online

• [par-shad]
-- = pari-shad, assembly

p157c3-b12/ not online

• [párshi]
-- 2. sg. subj. aor. √2. pri

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{pa.la.}

p157c3-b13/ p094

• पल pala [ pala ]
-- n. a weight=four karshas; flesh.
पल   pala flesh.

p157c3-b14/ p094

• पलल palala [ palala ]
-- n. pounded sesamum; mire; -‿odana, m. n. pap of pounded sesamum.
पलल   palala pounded sesamum; mire; -̮odana, m. n. pap of pounded sesamum.

p157c3-b15/ p094

• पलाण्डु palandu [ palându ]
-- m. (n.) onion.
पलाण्डु   palându onion.

p157c3-b16/ p094

• पलाय palaya [ palâ‿aya ]
-- v. √i with palâ.
पलाय   palâ̮aya √i with palâ.

p157c3-b17/ p094

• पलायन palayana [ palâ‿ayana ]
-- n. running away, flight, escape: -para, a. intent on flight.
पलायन   palâ̮ayana running away, flight, escape: -para, a. intent on flight. 

p157c3-b18/ p094

• पलाल palala [ palâla ]
-- n. (also &isharp;, f.) straw; -bhâra, m. load of straw; -‿ukkaya, m. heap of straw.
पलाल   palâla î, f.) straw; -bhâra, m. load of straw; -̮ukkaya, m. heap of straw.

p157c3-b19/ p094

• पलाव palava [ palâva ]
-- m. fish-hook.
पलाव   palâva fish-hook.

p157c3-b20/ p094

• पलाश palasa [ palâs-á ]
-- n. (a. --° f. î), leaf; foliage (-tâ, f. abst. ɴ.); petal; flower of the Palâsa; m. a tree with large leaves, bearing red blossoms (Butea frondosa ); -in, a. leafy; m. tree; N. of a town or village, Plassey.
पलाश   palâs-á î), leaf; foliage (-tâ, f. abst. n.); petal; flower of the Palâsa; m. a tree with large leaves, bearing red blossoms (Butea frondosa); -in, a. leafy; m. tree; N. of a town or village, Plassey. 

p157c3-b21/ p094

• पलिक palika [ pal-ika ]
-- a. weighing a pala; esp. --° after a numeral, weighing so many palas.
पलिक   pal-ika weighing a pala; esp. --° after a numeral, weighing so many palas.

UKT notes

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Atiratra Agnicayana

From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnicayana 120707

The Atiratra Agnicayana (ati-rātrá agní-cayana "the building up of the fireplace performed overnight") or Athirathram (Malayalam: അതിരാത്രം); the piling of the altar of Agni is a Śrauta ritual of the Vedic religion, the predecessor of modern day Hinduism which is considered to be the greatest ritual as per the Vedic ritual hierarchy.^[1] It is also the world's oldest surviving ritual.^[2] Its mantras and theological explanations in the Brahmana texts are first attested in the Yajurveda Samhitas (Taittiriya, Kathaka; Vajasaneyi). The practice of this ritual was generally discontinued among Brahmins by the late Vedic period, during the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in India. Nevertheless, a continuous, unbroken 3,000 year tradition has been found to exist among a few Nambudiri Brahmin families in Kerala, South India.

Overview

The entire ritual takes twelve days to perform, in the course of which a great bird-shaped altar, the uttaravedi "northern altar" is built out of 10,800 bricks. The liturgical text is in chapters 11 to 18 of the White Yajurveda; the corresponding exposition of the ritual is in Books 6 to 9 of the Shatapatha Brahmana.A total of 29 sastra's and stuti's from Rigveda and Samaveda are also recited in entire Agnicayana rite.^[3]. The original essence and purpose of the ritual is not correctly known. But, the immediate practical purpose of the Agnicayana is to build up for the sacrificer an immortal body that is permanently beyond the reach of the transitoriness, suffering, and death that, according to this rite, characterize man's mortal existence.^[4]

The ritual emerged from predecessor rituals, which were incorporated as building blocks, around the 10th century BC, and was likely continuously practiced until the late Vedic period, or the 6th century BC. In post-Vedic times, there were various revivals of the practice, under the Gupta Empire in the north (ca. 4th to 6th century), and under the Chola Empire in the south (ca. 9th century), but by the 11th century, the practice was held to have been discontinued; except for the Nambudiris of Kerala.

To observe the ritual, goat sacrifice is essential.^[5] Since animal sacrifice is frowned upon by the Hindu society since the end of Vedic age and is a punishable offense in modern India, all documented Agnicayanas have been performed without this and may be deemed incomplete.

In 1975 Indologist Frits Staal documented in great detail the performance of an Agnicayana conducted performed by Nambudiri Brahmins according to Samaveda tradition^[6] at Panjal, Kerala.^[7][8] The last performance before that had been in 1956, and the Nambudiris were concerned that the ritual was threatened by extinction. It had never before been observed by outsiders. In exchange for a financial participation of the scholars towards the cost of the ritual, the Nambudiris agreed that it should be filmed and recorded. The ritual was performed from 12 to 24 April 1975. An effigy was used to symbolize the goat sacrifice, due to overwhelming opposition by animal protetction groups.^[5] Staal (1989) bases a general analysis of the similarities of grammar and ritual on this performance.

After the 1975 Agnicayana, there have been several more Nambudiri performances: in 1990 Agnicayana at Kundoor, and in 2006 at Sukapuram.^[8] Belief holds Sukapuram to be one among the 64 villages originally established by Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu after creating Kerala by throwing his axe into the ocean. The Somayagam (Agnistoma) was performed for the first time in 222 years at Aluva from 25 April till 1 May 2009.^[9]

An Athirathram Yagna was conducted at Panjal ( Trichur district, Kerala), home to most of the yagnas in Kerala including the 1975 one and where most of Samavedic Namboodiris reside from April 4–14, 2011.^[10]

Since then two more Athiratrams were conducted at kodakara (trichur distrcit,kerala) from March 23rd to April 3rd, 2012 featuring rare Aaswalaayana (Pakazhiya) –Boudhaayana combination. The last Athirathram of this type was performed 112 years ago. ^[11]

The ritual was also performed for the first time outside kerala by Nambudiris from 21 April 2012 to 2 May 2012 at at Bhadrachalam (Khammam district, Andhra pradesh).^[12] 

UKT: End of Wikipedia article

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Rhoticity Problem in mid-vowels in BEPS

-- UKT 120705

The two syllables, {pa.} प & {ra.} र, could easily form a medial in Bur-Myan as: {pré} .
Its equivalent in Bur-Dev is : प्रे <-- प ् र े .

Now what are the mid-vowels? They are defined by the diagram below.

Mid vowels form what are known as Dissimilar pairs {a.þa.wûN} . There are two pairs: the front and the back.

¤ Front mid vowels: े (short), ै (long)
The front vowels are usually accompanied by lip-spreading. They have to correspond to Bur-Myan registers: the creak, the modal, and the emphatic

{é.}, {é},  {é:}, and
{è.},   {èý}, {è:}

¤ Back mid vowels: ो (short), ौ (long)
The back vowels are usually accompanied by lip-rounding. However, lip-spreading is also very easily done, and there can be many possible pronunciations corresponding to the degree of lip-rounding. They have to correspond to Bur-Myan registers

{o.}, {o}, {o:}, and
{au.}, {au}, {au:}

Firstly, I will concentrate only on close mid-vowel {é} which is present in Eng-Lat and the pronunciations of words formed from the two phonemes /p/ and /ɹ/ . It is a major problem in BEPS, stemming from the non-rhotic accent of the Irrawaddy valley and somewhat rhotic accent of British English (RP aka Received Pronunciation). This problem is accentuated in the more rhotic accent of the American English (GA aka General American).

In Bur-Myan accent of the Irrawaddy valley {pré} is mis-pronounced without any rhoticity as / {pyé} /. However, this is not the case with Bur-Myan accent of the Western coastal area - the Rakhine State.

The problem becomes almost non-solvable when we look into the Bur-Myan nasal r2c5 {Ña.}. This you would remember is the horizontal conjunct of two {ña.} in Pal-Myan. The {Ña.} as a killed consonant can check the peak vowel of {pra.} to give: {præÑ} which is also pronounced as / {pyé}/. {præÑ} has another sound variation as / pyi/ 'pus' or a 'volume measure of rice grains'. The reader should note the importance of brackets: /.../ which is meant to show that it is the pronunciation and not necessary the right spelling.

Secondly, we will deal with the back mid-vowels. The problem is more complex because {pa.rau:} can be a modified sound of {pa.ro}. The reader is reminded that the back vowel {o} can only be found in Bur-Myan, and probably not in Eng-Lat, and definitely not in Pal-Myan and Skt-Dev.

{pa.ro} as a medial sound is very common in Bur-Myan as {pro} 'falling down of a structure', which again is mis-pronounced in the Irrawaddy valley as / {pyo}/. This last sound is realized in Bur-Myan as {pyo} 'virgin'.

There is yet another problem stemming from confusion between /ɹ/ and /l/ phonemes, and we should note that Skt-Myan {pa.rau:} can be derived from Pal-Myan {pa.lau:}

{pa.rau:}
- - UHS-PMD0641
   UKT from UHS: out of presence, beyond
{pa.lau:}
- - UHS-PMD0644
   UKT from UHS: covering with paste, plastering

On the surface {pa.rau:} and {pa.lau:} seem to mean differently until we remember that both words seem to convey the meaning of "concealment from the physical visual observation". Just as rhoticity is a problem for Bur-Myan speakers, I expect to find a parallel problem, the lateral, for the Skt-Dev speakers when I resume my work on U Pe Maung Tin The Student's Pali English dictionary , 1920. 

Go back Rhoticity-problem-note-b / Rhoticity-problem-note-b0

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