TIL

Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus

p115-2.htm

• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg; 1929.
- Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
- https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton, pp. 627.
- FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary , by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).  Downloaded copies in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> / bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
•  Pali-Myanmar Dictionary (in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
- HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190624)

Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL). Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL  Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR 
 - http://www.tuninst.net , www.romabama.blogspot.com 

MC-indx.htm | Top
MCpp-indx.htm

Contents of this page

{da.}
  p115-2c1
{dän}
{dak~Sa.} -> Pal: {dak~hka.}
{dak~Si.Na.} --> Pal: {dak~hki.Na.} 
  p115-2c2
{dak~Si.ni}
{dag}
{dic}
{dûN}
  p115-2c3

UKT notes :
• Southern direction

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{da.}

p115-2c1

p115-2c1-b03/ p079

• द d [ 1. da ]
-- ¹ a. (--°) giving, bestowing, imparting; producing, yielding; indicating.
द   1. da (--°) giving, bestowing, imparting; producing, yielding; indicating.

p115-2c1-b04/ p079

• द d [ 2. da ]
-- ² a. cutting off, destroying (--°)
द   2. da cutting off, destroying (--°).

{dän}

p115-2c1-b05/ not online

• [DAMS] I. P. (Â.)
-- dása , bite; pp. dashta , bitten; cs. damsaya , cause to be bitten by (in.); provide with armour; cs. of intv. danda-aya , P. cause to be bitten severely. ...

p115-2c1-b06/ p080

• दंश daṃsa [ dams-a ]
-- m. bite; stinging insect, gadfly; -aka, m. N. of a prince; -ana, n. biting; bite; coat of mail.
दंश   dams-a bite; stinging insect, gadfly; -aka, m. N. of a prince; -ana, n. biting; bite; coat of mail.

p115-2c1-b07/ p080

• दंष्ट्र daṃstra [ dámsh-tra ]
-- m., â, f. tusk, fang.
दंष्ट्र   dámsh-tra tusk, fang.

p115-2c1-b08/ p080

• दंष्ट्रिन् daṃstrin [ damshtr-in ]
-- a. possessed of fangs; m. animal with fangs, beast of prey.
दंष्ट्रिन्   damshtr-in possessed of fangs; m. animal with fangs, beast of prey.

p115-2c1-b09/ not online

• [DAMS]
-- only cs. damsáya , be wonderous
 

p115-2c1-b10/ p080

• दंसन daṃsana [ dams-ána ]
-- n., â, f. wondrous deed, power, or skill.
दंसन   dams-ána wondrous deed, power, or skill.

p115-2c1-b11/ p080

• दंसु daṃsu  [ dáms-u ]
-- a. of wondrous power (--°): -pat nî, f. having a lord of wondrous power.
 दंसु   dáms-u of wondrous power (--°): -patnî, f. having a lord of wondrous power. 

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{dak~Sa.} -> Pal: {dak~hka.}

UKT: This section should also be viewed as the formation of phoneme {dak} /dæk/ (i.e. {da.} /k/ with {ka. þût} /k/ ), keeping in mind that English rarely uses the /a/. Our languages particularly Burmese are more open and more frontal than those used by the native English speakers.

p115-2c1-b12/ not online

• [DAKSH] I.
-- dáksha , P. satisfy or suit any one (d.); Â. be able, skilful, or strong; cs. P. daksháya , make efficient

p115-2c1-b13/ p080

• दक्ष daksa [ dáksh-a ]  {dak~Sa.}
= द क ् ष
Skt: -- a. able, active, dexterous, skilful, clever (with lc., --°); suitable for (--°); right (not left); m. activity, capacity, power, aptitude; will; N. of an Âditya; N. of a Pragâpati; N. of a legislator: -sya‿ayana, n. (sacrifice of the) winter solstice. - Mac115c1
 दक्ष   dáksh-a able, active, dexterous, skilful, clever (with lc., --°); suitable for (--°); right (not left); m. activity, capacity, power, aptitude; will; N. of an Âditya; N. of a Pragâpati; N. of a legislator: -sya̮ayana, n. (sacrifice of the) winter solstice.
BPal: {dak~hka.}
- - UHS-PMD0456

UKT from UHS: mfn. clever, skilful

p115-2c1-b14/ p080 

• दक्षक्रतु daksakratu [ daksha-kratú ]
-- m. du. will and understanding; -tâ, f. dexterity, cleverness; activity; -pitri, a. pl. (str. st. also -pitâr), having Daksha as a father; possessing or bestowing abilities; -vihitâ, f. kind of song; -sutâ, f. daughter of Daksha: pl. wives of the moon.
दक्षक्रतु   daksha-kratú will and understanding; -tâ, f. dexterity, cleverness; activity; -pitri, a. pl. (str. st. also -pitâr), having Daksha as a father; possessing or bestowing abilities; -vihitâ, f. kind of song; -sutâ, f. daughter of Daksha: pl. wives of the moon.

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{dak~Si.Na.} --> Pal: {dak~hki.Na.}

p115-2c1-b15/ p080

• दक्षिण daksina [ dáksh-ina (also á) ]
Skt: -- a. able, clever, dexterous; right; southern (because when looking east the right hand is towards the south); south (wind); upright, honest; amiable, obliging; m. right hand or arm; m. n. right side; south; â, f. (sc. go), a good i. e. milch cow, (being the original) sacrificial fee; fee; gift; personified as the wife of Sacrifice. - Mac115c1
दक्षिण   dáksh-ina (also á) able, clever, dexterous; right; southern (because when looking east the right hand is towards the south); south (wind); upright, honest; amiable, obliging; m. right hand or arm; m. n. right side; south; â, f. (sc. go), a good i. e. milch cow, (being the original) sacrificial fee; fee; gift; personified as the wife of Sacrifice.
BPal: {dak~hki.Na.}
- - UHS-PMD0456

UKT from UHS: mfn. clever, right hand side, happened in southern direction
See my note on the importance of the Southern direction in Bur-Myan culture.

p115-2c1-b16/ p080

• दक्षिणजान्वक्त daksinajanvakta [ dakshina-gânu‿akta ]
-- pp. having the right knee bent.
 दक्षिणजान्वक्त   dakshina-gânu̮akta having the right knee bent.

p115-2c1-b17/ p080

• दक्षिणतस् daksinatas [ dakshina-tás ]
-- ad. on or from the right (of, g.); southwards; from the south; to the south (of, g.): (-tah) kri, place any one on the right hand (in token of respect); -tás kaparda, a. wearing a braid of hair on the right.
 दक्षिणतस्   dakshina-tás on or from the right (of, g.); southwards; from the south; to the south (of, g.): (-tah) kri, place any one on the right hand (in token of respect); -táskaparda, a. wearing a braid of hair on the right. 

p115-2c1-b18/ p080

• दक्षिणपश्््चार्ध daksinapascardha [ dakshina - paska‿ardha ]
-- m. south-west side; -paskima, a. south-western; -pûrva, a. south-eastern: â, f. south-east.
 दक्षिणपश्््चार्ध   dakshina - paska̮ardha south-west side; -paskima, a. south-western; -pûrva, a. south-eastern: â, f. south-east.

p115-2c1-b19/ p080

• दक्षिणा daksina [ dakshin&asharp; ]
-- ad. to the right or south wards (of, ab.).
दक्षिणा   dakshinaN to the right or southwards (of, ab.). 
 

p115-2c1-b20/ p080

• दक्षिणाग्नि daksinagni [ dakshina‿agni ]
-- m. southern sacrificial fire; á‿agra, a. pointed southward.
 दक्षिणाग्नि   dakshina̮agni southern sacrificial fire; a◡́agra, a. pointed southward.  ( end p115-2c1 )

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p115-2c2

p115-2c2-b03/ p080

• दक्षिणात् daksinat [ dakshinât ]
-- ab. ad. from or on the right; from the south, southern.
दक्षिणात्   dakshinât from or on the right; from the south, southern.

p115-2c2-b04/ p080

• दक्षिणाद्वार daksinadvara [ dakshinâ-dvâra ]
-- n. door towards the south; a. having the door towards the south; -patha, m. tract in the south, Deccan; a‿apara, a. south-western; -pratyañk, a. south-western; n. -pratyak, ad. towards the south-west; f. -pratîkî, south-west; (&asharp;)-pra vana, a. sloping towards the south; a‿abhi mukha, a. (î) facing southward: -m, ad. southwards; -mukha, a. id.
 दक्षिणाद्वार   dakshinâ-dvâra door towards the south; a. having the door towards the south; -patha, m. tract in the south, Deccan; a̮apara, a. south-western; -pratyañk, a. south-western; n. -pratyak, ad. towards the south-west; f. -pratîkî, south-west; (aN)-pravana, a. sloping towards the south; a̮abhimukha, a. (î) facing southward: -m, ad. southwards; -mukha, a. id.

p115-2c2-b05/ p080 

• दक्षिणायन daksinayana [ dakshina‿ayana ]
-- n. southern path (i. e. to the realm of death); southerly course of the sun, the half-year in which the sun moves from north to south (from summer to winter solstice); commencement of the sun's southward course = summer solstice (in the month Áshâdha): -samkrânti, f. entrance of the sun on the southerly course, summer solstice.
 दक्षिणायन   dakshina̮ayana southern path (i. e. to the realm of death); southerly course of the sun, the half-year in which the sun moves from north to south (from summer to winter solstice); commencement of the sun's southward course = summer solstice (in the month Áshâdha): -samkrânti, f. entrance of the sun on the southerly course, summer solstice. 

p115-2c2-b06/ p080

• दक्षिणारण्य daksinaranya [ dakshina‿aranya ]
-- n. Southern Forest, N. of a forest, probably in the Deccan.
 दक्षिणारण्य   dakshina̮aranya Southern Forest, N. of a forest, probably in the Deccan.

p115-2c2-b07/ p080

• दक्षिणावत् daksinavat [ dákshinâ-vat ]
-- a. able; abounding in gifts, pious.
 दक्षिणावत्   dákshinâ-vat able; abounding in gifts, pious.

p115-2c2-b08/ p080

• दक्षिणावर्त daksinavarta [ dakshina‿âvarta ]
-- a. turned southward; being on its southern course (sun); m. Deccan.
 दक्षिणावर्त   dakshina̮âvarta turned southward; being on its southern course (sun); m. Deccan.

p115-2c2-b09/ p080

• दक्षिणाशिरस् daksinasiras [ dakshinâ-siras ]
-- a. having the head turned southward.
 दक्षिणाशिरस्   dakshinâ-siras having the head turned southward.

p115-2c2-b10/ p080

• दक्षिणाहि daksinahi [ dakshin-âhi ]
-- ad. far to the right or south, of (ab.).
 दक्षिणाहि   dakshin-âhi far to the right or south, of (ab.).

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{dak~Si.ni}

p115-2c2-b11/ not online

• [dakshinî-kri]
-- place on the right, walk round any one (ac.) keeping him on the right (as a token of respect)

p115-2c2-b12/ p080

• दक्षिणीय daksiniya [ dakshin-&isharp;ya ]
-- a. worthy of or suitable for a sacrificial gift; worthy to be honoured.
 दक्षिणीय   dakshin-îya worthy of or suitable for a sacrificial gift; worthy to be honoured.

p115-2c2-b13/ p080

• दक्षिणेतर daksinetara [ dakshina‿itara ]
-- a. left.
 दक्षिणेतर   dakshina̮itara left.

p115-2c2-b14/ p080

• दक्षिणेन daksinena [ dákshinena ]
-- in. ad. to the right or south, of (ac.).
  दक्षिणेन   dákshinena to the right or south, of (ac.).

p115-2c2-b15/ p080

• दक्षिणैस् daksinais [ dakshinais ]
-- in. pl. ad. on the right.
 दक्षिणैस्   dakshinais on the right.

p115-2c2-b16/ p080

• दक्षिणोत्तर daksinottara [ dakshina‿uttara ]
-- a. right and left, southern and northern: â-bhyâm pâni bhyâm, with the two hands, the right being uppermost; -‿uttâna, a. holding the right hand palm upwards; du. with pânî, the two hands with the right turned palm upwards.
  दक्षिणोत्तर   dakshina̮uttara right and left, southern and northern: â-bhyâm pânibhyâm, with the two hands, the right being uppermost; -̮uttâna, a. holding the righthand palm upwards; du. with pânî, the two hands with the right turned palm upwards.

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{dag}

UKT note: In Bur-Myan, and probably in Pal-Myan voiced consonants -- the c3 in the akshara matrix -- are not killed. It is usually the tenuis wag-consonants - {ka.} {sa.} {Ta.} {ta.} {pa.} - that are killed. Here we are finding {g} because we are dealing with Sanskrit.

p115-2c2-b17/ p080

• दग्ध dagdha [ dag-dha ]
=   द ग ् ध
-- pp. (√dah) burned, consumed; pained, tortured, distressed; fatal; wretched, good for nothing; cursed, damned: -gathara, n. accursed belly.
 दग्ध   dag-dha (√dah) burned, consumed; pained, tortured, distressed; fatal; wretched, good for nothing; cursed, damned: -gathara, n. accursed belly.

p115-2c2-b18/ p080

• दग्धव्य dagdhavya [ dag-dhavya ]
-- fp. to be burned.
 दग्धव्य   dag-dhavya to be burned.

p115-2c2-b19/ not online

• [dág-dhri]
-- m. consumer of (ac.); -dhrí , m. id. with g.

p115-2c2-b20/ p080

• दग्धोदर dagdhodara [ dagdha‿udara ]
-- n. accursed belly.
 दग्धोदर   dagdha̮udara accursed belly.

p115-2c2-b21/ not online

• [DAGH] V. P.
-- dagh-no-ti , reach to.

p115-2c2-b22/ p080

• दघ्न daghna [ dagh-ná ]
=  द घ ् न
-- a. (&asharp;, î) reaching to (--°).
  दघ्न   dagh-ná (aN, î) reaching to (--°).

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{dic}

UKT: Here the {sa.} च used is the plosive-stop. It is not {Sa.} ष - the hisser-fricative. Therefore the killed-consonant is {c} /c/ and not {S} /s/.
   It is to be noted that Bur-Myan being a totally thibilant language is free of hissing sounds in the coda. However, Romabama, to incorporate sibilant languages such as Sanskrit, has to recognise the hissing sounds. I was in a dilemma whether to introduce a new grapheme or not. If I were to adopt a grapheme similar to Devanagari ष , inter-transcription between Burmese and English would become chaotic. Because of that reason Romabama differentiates between च and ष only in the coda but not in the onset. English is an intermediate language because it uses the thibilant /θ/ as in <thorn> /θɔːn/ (US) /θɔːrn/ (DJPD16-535)
   Another point you should remember is that our languages being Abugidas - formerly known as alphasyllabaries uses rimes as fundamental units. Because of this I have to take notice of the influence of the coda on the peak or nuclear vowel. In {dic} the vowel has been changed from {a} to {i}. -- UKT120330

p115-2c2-b23/ p080

• दच्छद dacchada [ dak-khada ]
=  द च ् छ द  
-- m. (teeth-cover), lip.
 दच्छद   dak-khada (teeth-cover), lip. 

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{dûN}

p115-2c2-b24/ p080

• दण्ड danda [ dandá ] 
=  द ण ् ड
Skt: -- m. (n.) staff, stick; mace, club ( end p115c2 ) (p115-2c3-top )
(to which the elephant's trunk and human arms and thighs are often compared); stalk; handle; flagstaff (on a carriage); pole (as a measure of length = 4 cubits); rod = symbol of violence, force of arms, military power, army; mastery of, complete control over (g., --°); sceptre (as symbol of judicial power), punishment (corporal chastisement, admonition, fine): gupta --, secret fine=blackmail; vaitasá --, reedlike staff=membrum virile. -- Mac115c2
दण्ड   dandá staff, stick; mace, club (to which the elephant's trunk and human arms and thighs are often compared); stalk; handle; flagstaff (on a carriage); pole (as a measure of length = 4 cubits); rod = symbol of violence, force of arms, military power, army; mastery of, complete control over (g., --°); sceptre (as symbol of judicial power), punishment (corporal chastisement, admonition, fine): gupta --, secret fine=blackmail; vaitasá --, reedlike staff=membrum virile. 
BPal: {dûN~ða.}
- - UHS-PMD0458

membrum virile - n. 1. the penis -- http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/membrum_virile 120330 

UKT from UHS: m. javelin, spear, stick, fine, punishment, handle, staff .
   See my note on fasces - the Roman symbol of power: a bundle of sticks signifying the corporal punishment and an axe the capital.

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p115-2c3

p115-2c3-b01/ p080

• दण्डक dandaka [ danda-ka ]
-- m. handle; pole, flagstaff (on a car); n., â, f. N. of a forest in the Deccan; m. pl. inhabitants of the Dandaka forest; sg. N. of a prince; -karman, n. punishment.
  दण्डक   danda-ka handle; pole, flagstaff (on a car); n., â, f. N. of a forest in the Deccan; m. pl. inhabitants of the Dandaka forest; sg. N. of a prince; -karman, n. punishment.

p115-2c3-b02/ not online

• [dandaka‿alasa-ka]
-- m. kind of dysentery

p115-2c3-b03/ p080

• दण्डकाष्ठ dandakastha [ danda-kâshtha ]
-- n. wooden staff; -ghna, a. striking with a staff, committing assault; -kakra, n. detachment of an army -tâdana, n. chastisement with a stick; -tva, n. condition of a staff; -dâsa, m. slave for (non-payment of) a fine, one who serves out a fine; -dhara, a. wielding the rod or sceptre over, punishing, chastising (g.); m. prince, king; judge, magistrate; leader of a troop; ep. of Yama: -‿adhipati, m. chief of judges, king; -dhâra, a. wielding the rod, exercising judicial authority: -ka, a. id.; -dhârana, n. bearing of a staff; employment of force; chastisement.
 दण्डकाष्ठ   danda-kâshtha wooden staff; -ghna, a. striking with a staff, committing assault; -kakra, n. detachment of an army -tâdana, n. chastisement with a stick; -tva, n. condition of a staff; -dâsa, m. slave for (non-payment of) a fine, one who serves out a fine; -dhara, a. wielding the rod or sceptre over, punishing, chastising (g.); m. prince, king; judge, magistrate; leader of a troop; ep. of Yama: -̮adhipati, m. chief of judges, king; -dhâra, a. wielding the rod, exercising judicial authority: -ka, a. id.; -dhârana, n. bearing of a staff; employment of force; chastisement.

p115-2c3-b04/ p080

• दण्डन dandana [ dánd-ana ]
-- n. beating, punishing.
 दण्डन   dánd-ana beating, punishing.

p115-2c3-b05/ p080

• दण्डनायक dandanayaka [ danda-nâyaka ]
-- m. judge; leader of a troop; -nipâtana, n. causing the rod to descend, punishment (of, g.); -niyoga, m. award of punishment; -nîti, f. administration of justice, science of government.
 दण्डनायक   danda-nâyaka judge; leader of a troop; -nipâtana, n. causing the rod to descend, punishment (of, g.); -niyoga, m. award of punishment; -nîti, f. administration of justice, science of government.

p115-2c3-b06/ p080

• दण्डनीय dandaniya [ dand-anîya ]
-- fp. punishable.
 दण्डनीय   dand-anîya punishable.

p115-2c3-b07/ not online

• [danda-netri]
-- m. judge: -tva , n. office of judge, administration of justice

p115-2c3-b08/ p080

• दण्डपाणि dandapani [ dandá-pâni ]
-- a. holding a staff in one's hand; m. policeman; ep. of Yama; -pâta, m. (descent of the rod), punishment, chastisement; -pâtana, n. castigation; -pâ rushya, n. assault: du. bodily chastisement and admonition; -pâla, m. guardian of justice, judge: -tâ, f. abst. n.; -pâláka, m. guardian of justice, judge; -pâsaka, m. policeman, watchman; -pranâma, m. prostration at full length like a staff; -pradâna, n. presentation of the staff (at investiture); -bhaya, n. fear of the rod; -bhâg, a. liable to punishment; -bhrit, a. wielding the rod; m. ep. of Yama; -mukhya, m. leader of an army.
 दण्डपाणि   dandá-pâni holding a staff in one's hand; m. policeman; ep. of Yama; -pâta, m. (descent of the rod), punishment, chastisement; -pâtana, n. castigation; -pârushya, n. assault: du. bodily chastisement and admonition; -pâla, m. guardian of justice, judge: -tâ, f. abst. n.; -pâláka, m. guardian of justice, judge; -pâsaka, m. policeman, watchman; -pranâma, m. prostration at full length like a staff; -pradâna, n. presentation of the staff (at investiture); -bhaya, n. fear of the rod; -bhâg, a. liable to punishment; -bhrit, a. wielding the rod; m. ep. of Yama; -mukhya, m. leader of an army.
 

p115-2c3-b09/ p080

• दण्डय dandaya [ danda-ya ] den. P. punish: pp. dand ita: guptena dandena--, blackmailed.
 दण्डय   danda-ya P. punish: pp. dandita: guptena dandena--, blackmailed.

p115-2c3-b10/ p080

• दण्डयात्रा dandayatra [ danda-yâtrâ ]
-- f. military expedition: -kihna, n. signal for marching to war, -patha, m. military road, -lagna, n. astrologically auspicious moment for marching out to war; -yoga, m. infliction of punishment; -lesa, m. small fine; -vat, a. bearing a staff; having a handle; possessing a great army; -vadhá, m. capital punishment; -vâkika,

( end p115c3 ) (p116c1-top  )
a. corporal or verbal (injury); -vâhin, m. policeman, watchman; -vikalpa, m. choice of punishment (with g. of object); -vyûha, m. array in columns; -hasta, a. holding a staff in the hand.
 दण्डयात्रा   danda-yâtrâ military expedition: -kihna, n. signal for marching to war, -patha, m. military road, -lagna, n. astrologically auspicious moment for marching out to war; -yoga, m. infliction of punishment; -lesa, m. small fine; -vat, a. bearing a staff; having a handle; possessing a great army; -vadhá, m. capital punishment; -vâkika, a. corporal or verbal (injury); -vâhin, m. policeman, watchman; -vikalpa, m. choice of punishment (with g. of object); -vyûha, m. array in columns; -hasta, a. holding a staff in the hand.

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UKT notes

Fasces - the Roman symbol of power

From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnatus 120330

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (520 BC – 430 BC) was an aristocrat and political figure of the Roman Republic, serving as consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC.^[1]

UKT note: The noble Roman was shown with his right hand holding the fasces and his left holding the simple farm plough.
   The dedication reads, "With one hand he returns the fasces, a symbol of power as appointed dictator of Rome. His other hand holds the plow, as he resumes the life of a citizen and farmer."

Cincinnatus was regarded by the Romans, especially the aristocratic patrician class, as one of the heroes of early Rome and as a model of Roman virtue and simplicity.^{[citation needed]} He was a persistent opponent of the plebeians.^{[citation needed]} When his son was convicted and condemned to death, Cincinnatus was forced to live in humble circumstances, working on his own small farm, until an invasion caused him to be called to serve Rome as dictator, an office which he immediately resigned after completing his task of defeating the rivaling tribes of the Aequians, Sabines, and Volscians. He lived approximately around the time that Lucius Junius Brutus did.

His immediate resignation of his absolute authority with the end of the crisis has often been cited as an example of outstanding leadership, service to the greater good, civic virtue, lack of personal ambition and modesty. As a result, he has inspired a number of organizations and other entities, a number of which are named for him.

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Southern direction

- by UKT 120329
-- I intend to ask one of my peers to rewrite this note checking the facts.

The Southern direction is the most auspicious direction in the Burmese Buddhist culture which is accepted by all Bur-Myan regardless of their religion. It is the Mangala {mïn~ga.la} direction.

The Southern-direction is so important that many Burmese Buddhist families would have an image of Buddha carved from a southern branch of the Bo tree under which the Buddha had attained enlightenment. The image is known as {dak~hki.Na.þa-hka} and it  is supposed to offer protection against fire.

The Southern-gate of the Mandalay Palace and the bridge across the moat are also known by the name {mïn~ga.la}.

Here we must remember that by "Mandalay Palace", I mean the palace proper together with all the buildings used by the king and queens, together with the quarters of the important ministers or secretaries of the king. The whole complex is enclosed within a square wall which itself is enclosed within a deep moat. The whole complex is technically a {mro.}. What you see outside the {mro.} are the living quarters of the ordinary people.

The Westerns were housed during the days of the kingdom on the Western side which is not considered to be auspicious. The cemetery and the execution ground were located in the West. On the Eastern side were the monasteries, and on the North the artesians. On the north-east is the Mandalay Hill. Whenever the king exit he used the Southern-gate.

It is alleged - in a song - that King Thibaw and Queen Supaya Lat -- his queen, after being made prisoners by the British at the end of the Third Anglo-Burmese War, were taken out through the Western-gate in an ordinary British army box-cart known as {bi-ro.}. It alleged that the British did everything they could to make all Burmese feel that they were now its inasupious "slaves". This song had created an intense hatred in the hearts of most Burmese before the Second World War.

I have been told that the facts in the song were wrong by Daw Ma Ma Gyi the daughter of the late U Tokegale from an eye-witness account. When Daw Ma Ma Gyi told me the story it was in the closing years of 1960s in Mandalay. [Note: U Tokegale was one of the scholars sent by Queen Supaya Lat to study in Paris. U Tokegale was the nephew of Thanchakwun, the ambassador of the Burmese Kingdom to France at the time of Annexation.] I myself doubt that the British would have used bullocks to draw the carriage because they had every reason to fear that a few die-hard Burmese would attempt to rescue their king.

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