p082-1.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
MC-indx.htm |
Top
MCpp-indx.htm
p082c1
{gûn~Da.} continues
{gûb~Ba.}
{ga.Ba.}
{ga.ma.}
p082c2
p082c3
{gûm}
UKT: 151230, 160105, 170501, 190227
#1. One of the differences between Pal-Myan and Skt-Dev is the checking of vowels in the syllables. In Bur-Myan (a typical Tib-Bur language), only the short vowel can be checked. However, in Skt-Dev (a typical IE language) both short and long vowels may be checked.
•
Gandhāra: the kingdom
•
Gandhava : different from dévas
{gûn~Dûb~ba.}
{gûn~Da.}
p082c1-b01/ p062-040
• गन्धन
[ gandh-ana ]
- m. kind of rice; n.
fragrance; sarcasm.
40)
p082c1-b02/ not online
• गन्धर्व
[gandhar-vá]
- m. N. of a genius closely connected
w. Soma and the sun; sts. pl. (V.) celestial
musician inhabiting Indra's heaven (C.),
Skt: gandharvá m. a Gandharva
[though in later times the Gandharvas are regarded
as a class, yet in RV. rarely more than one is
mentioned -- MonWilli346
UKT120131: See my note on Gandharva - a kind of celestial beings not necessarily the servants of devas, some of who (both & female) serve as musicians and dancers at the court of Indra the king of the devas.
From their marriage custom, it seems that the Gandharvas are the most free - especially the females: something approaching the modern idea of freedom. The custom is just the opposite of the Ponnar{poaN~Na:}, in which the female has a subservient role to the males. I wonder whether they were the mythicised ancient Tib-Bur speakers, similar to Pyus of Myanmarpré, of the Indian subcontinent before the Ponnar
According to Gaudama Buddha, perfection - being an AriAya - is by virtue of conduct, not by virtue of birth. See Arya Dharma, by Anagarika Dhamapala, 1917, in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:,
- ADhamapala-AryaDharma<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180321)
UKT 190221: The author or this works, alt. caption: Ethics of Self Discipline, Ven. A. Dharmapala (1864-1933 ), is the Brahmachari of the Bodhisatva Path, and the founder of the Maha Bhodhi Soc. On p.43, he writes:
"The greatness of man consists in his indomitable will to do good, and the power to realize Truth by his own self-sacrificing efforts. Rob man of this great virtue and he degenerates into a savage with the instincts of the tiger and the hyena."
p082c1-b03/ not online
• गन्धर्वखण्ड
[ gandharva-khanda ]
= ग न ् ध र ् व ख ण ् ड
- m. N. of a part of Bhâratavarsha;
-tva, n. condition of a Gandharva;
-dattâ, f. N. of a Gandharva
princess; -nagara, n. city of the
Gandharvas; mirage; -pura, n.
city of the Gandharvas; -râga, m. king of
the Gandharvas.
72)
UKT 151229: Since we are dealing in these entries with the mythical Gandharva गन्धर्व [gandhar-vá], the celestial musicians, the reader is advised to look into facts related to the human musicians in G. N. Devy's Indian Literary Criticism on ¤ On Natya and Rasa : Aesthetics of Dramatic Experience. Follow the navigation:
¤ LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
and proceed to ¤ Bhartṛhari's Syntax, Meaning, Sphoṭa
and look for Bharatamuni aka Bharata's theory of Rasa connected to the psychology of aesthetic reception.
- lang-thot-indx.htm > spho-bartri-matilal.htm (link chk 170501)
and proceed to ¤ On Natya and Rasa : Aesthetics of Dramatic Experience
p082c1-b04/ p062-071
• गन्धर्वी [ gandharv&isharp; ]
- f. female being akin to Gandharva.
71)
p082c1-b05/ p062-068
• गन्धवत् [ gandha-vat ]
- a. fragrant; having the quality of smell: -î, f. N. of a river;
-vaha,
a. wafting fragrance; m. wind; -vâha, m. wind; -sâli,
m. fragrant rice; *-sâra,
m. sandal-wood.
68)
© गन्धसार «gandhasāra»
Skt: *-sâra - m. sandal-wood - Mac082c1
Skt: ○vat mfn. endowed with
the quality of smell Tarkas.
-- MonWilli
Skt: गन्धसार «gandhasāra» - m. kind of jasmine, sandle-wood -- SpkSkt
p082c1-b06/ p062-067
• गन्धाढ्य [ gandha‿âdhya ]
- a. rich in perfume, fragrant.
67)
p082c1-b07/ not online
• गन्धार gandḥārā [gandhâra]
-- m. pl. N. of a people in the N.W.;
i , m. pl. id.
See my note on the dream of Invisibility and Gandhāra
p082c1-b08/ p062-066
• गन्धि [ gandh-i ]
- a. smelling of; having a little of (--°); -i-ka, -in, a. id.
66)
p082c1-b09/ not online
• [gandha‿ibha]
-- m. = gandha-dvipa
{gûb~Ba.}
• गब्भ «gabbha» :
= ग ब ् भ -->
{gûb~Ba.} :
since ब «ba» &
भ «bha» are pronounced almost the
same, a repha results Skt-Dev.
BPal:
{gûb~Ba.} - UHS-PMD0358
UKT from UHS: m. mother's womb, fetus, pregnancy, brick-chamber
Skt: गर्भ «garbha » - m. embryo - SpkSkt
{ga.Ba.}
p082c1-b10/ not online
• गभ् [gabh] , [gambh]
- be cleft, yawn
p082c1-b11/ not online
• गभ gabha [gabh-á]
Skt: - m. vulva. - Mac082-c1
Skt: gabhá m. (√gabh
= gambh = jambh)
'slit', the vulva VS. xxiii ŚBr.
xiii, 2, 9, 6 -- MonWilli
UKT: The Latin word <vulva> means the external human-female sex apparatus.
See Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva 140904
p082c1-b12// p062-065
• गभस्तल gabhastala [ gabh-as-tala ]
= ग भ (स ् त) ल -->
{ga.Ba.Sta.la.} <--
{ga.Baþ~ta.la.}
[note the /s/ sound is due to स and not ष]
Skt: - n. kind of hell. -- Mac082c1
65)
UKT 180322, 190221: The word
{þa.}/
{þ} (the thibilant) which the Skt-Dev speakers could not pronounce. They had to pronounce it as dental fricative
{Sa.}/
{S} ष (hisser} - not as palatal plosive-stop
{sa.}/
{c} च . So, the Myanmar to Devanagari trans-pronunciation-transcription is
UKT 140904: There are eight levels of purgatory according to Buddhist lore and none corresponds to
The following names are from Wikipedia:
1. Sañjīva - the "reviving" Naraka
2. Kālasūtra - the "black thread" Naraka
3. Saṃghāta - the "crushing" Naraka
4. Raurava - the "screaming" Naraka
5. Mahāraurava - the "great screaming" Naraka
6. Tapana - the "heating" Naraka
7. Pratāpana - the "great heating" Naraka
8. Avīci - the "uninterrupted" Naraka
See MLC PMD2006-090 for Bur-Myan spellings.
p082c1-b13/ p062-064
• गभस्ति [ gábhas-ti ]
- m. arm, hand; ray: -mat, a. radiant; m. sun; -mâlin,
m. sun.
64)
p082c1-b14/ p062-063
• गभीर [ gabh-îra ]
- a. abysmal, unfathomable; deep;
dense, impervious; extensive; inexhaustible;
secret, inscrutable: -m or °--, ad.
63)
{ga.ma.}
p082c1-b15/ not online
UKT 180322: Entry p082c1-b15, spans across two columns c1 & c2. Such huge entries are found all over the txt-on-paper books. I've cut them into manageable sections: 0 (not shown), ¶1, ¶2, ¶3. My plan is to look up some sub-entries in online dictionaries such as SpkSkt.
• गम् [gam] ¹. gáma and ². gán-ti (v.);
-
I. gákkha, go, move, walk; depart; die; pass, elapse; traverse; betake
oneself to, reach, obtain (ac., d., lc.); fall or recoil on (ac.);
have sexual intercourse with (ac.); perceive, recognise (ps. be
understood or meant); attain, undergo, suffer: very often with ac. of
an abst. N., when it may variously be translated by the passive, an
intransitive verb or the verb to become with the corresponding noun or
adjective: vismayam gam, be amazed; násam -,
perish; sûdratvam -, become a Sûdra; krodham
-, grow angry;
© गम [ ¹. gáma ]
- adj. going, riding on. m. similar reading in two texts, game played with dice and men, march, superficality, removal, course, going away from, decampment, hasty perusal, road, flightiness, intercourse with a woman - from SpkSkt
UKT 180322: See entry p082c3-b01 • गम [ gam-a ] below.
¶1. [ pratpam ]
- resist (g.); doshena or doshato -, accuse (ac.);
manasâ -, betake oneself in thought to (ac.): pp. gatá,
g.v.; cs. gamáya, cause to go, bring, send, conduct (to,
ac., d., lc.); cause to undergo; pass (time); explain; produce the meaning
of (ac.); designate; *induce any one (ac.) to walk by means of any one (in.);
des. gigamisha or gigâmsa, P. wish or be about to go; intv. ganiganti,
visit, frequent. akkhâ, go to. ati, elapse; pass over. adhi,
go to, approach, reach (pp. surrounded by; in.); have sexual
intercourse with (ac.); take in hand; begin; obtain, acquire; expouse,
marry; come upon, find; find out; accomplish; learn, study, read; des. wish to
recover; Â. wish to study.
¶2. [ sam-adhi ]
- approach; acquire, obtain; learn, study. anu, follow, accompany,
pursue; visit; cover from behind; take possession of; conform to, be guided by;
imitate; be contained in (lc.); perform; pp. amenable, complaisant; --°,
conformable to, according to; imitated; dominated by; traversing; cs.
aaccompany. sam-anu, follow, antar, exclude from (ab.); pp.
antargata, q.v. apa, go away disappear (fr., ab.) ; pp. gone away,
vanished; devisting from (ab. or°--). vi‿ap, depart: pp. departed;
awerving from (ab.). api, enter into; be absorbed in (ac.).
abhi, advance, approach; go to, visit (ac.); return home; follow;
have sexual intercourse with (ac.); find, meet with, obtain; devote
oneself to (ac.)
¶3. [ sam-abhi ]
unite sexually. aram, present oneself to (d.), ava, come
down to (ac. or lc.); come to, enter into (ac.); obtain; hit upon,
guess, infer; learn from (ab.); perceive, understand; be convinced, be of
opinion, believe to be meant, know (pr. pt. wittingly; pp. with
act. and ps. meaning); regard as, consider to be (2 ac.);
cs. procure; cause to experience, let know. â, aproach, come (to,
ac.); come forth; meet with (saha); return (gnly. with punar);
come or fall upon; obtain, take, undergo, incur (with abstract nouns);
pp. arrived, come (to, ac., lc., or --°); come into the world, born;
returned (gnly. with punar); coming from (ab.); come to pass in
regard to (ac.); having happened or supervened (sts. °--); fallen
into (ac.); cs. cause to approach; learn (ac.) from (ab.);
dcs. be about to come. adhi‿â, follow: pp. with act.
and ps. mg. abhi‿â, approach, come to, visit: pp. arrived,
come: kramâd - inherited. sam-abhi‿â, arrive; come back (with
punar).
¶4. [ upa‿â ]
- approach, come to (ac., lc. ); fall into, incur, undergo (with abst.
nouns); appear; fall to one's share: with dâyât = inherit: pp.
arrived. abhi‿upa‿â, come to (ac.). sam-upa‿â,
id.; befall. prati‿â, return from (ab.) to (ac.);
come to oneself, recover. sam-â, come together, meet, unite (with, in ± saha or
sârdham); approach, come to (ac. lc.); return (from, ab.); come upon, find
(ac.): pp. united, assembled in conjunction with (in.): cs. unite any one (ac.)
with (in. or lc.). ud, rise; go forth, appear; spread: pp. proceeding from (ab.
or --°); having appreared: widespread; cs. cause to come forth, such (milk).
abhi‿ud, rise (moon); go forth to meet (ac.); consent to (ac.). pra‿ud,
rise up, project. prati‿ud, advance to meet (pp. with act. and ps. mg.):
come forth or appear again; set out for (ac. or lc.) sam-ud, come forth, appear.
upa, approach, go to, visit; reach, befall (g.); come across, find; have sexual
intercourse with (ac.); fall into. obtain, incur (with abst. nouns): pp. having
betaken oneself to any one's protection; accompanied by (--°); granted,
recognised; cs. cause to approach. abhi‿upa, approach, go to (ac.); admit,
grant, assent to (ac.); cs. persuade any one (ac.) to assent.
¶5. [ sam-upa ]
- approach; undergo. ni, appear; arrive at, obtain; enter; have intercourse
with; cs. put in. nis, go out, depart (from, ab.), come froth, appear; go away,
disappear; fall into, undergo: pp. freed from (ab. or °--). vi-nis, go out, come
forth, depart; free one self from (ab.); be beside oneself: pp. gone out: coming
froth, issuing; free from (ab.).
¶6 [ parâ ]
- go away, depart: pp. arrived; filled or
covered with (--°). pari, go or walk round; wander over, traverse; surround,
encompass; spread around; depart, die; attain, undergo: pp. surrounded by (--°):
extending or diffused on all sides; dead; possessed by, filed with (in. or --°);
experienced; learned from (ab.); known; cs. pass (time). pra, depart; go to
(ac.). prati, advance towards (ac.); return to (ac.). vi, disperse; depart,
vanish, pass away: pp. deceased, dead; °--, disappeared, gone = -less; cs. pass
(time). sam. Â. (P.) come together, assemble; meet (as friend or foe), unite
with (in. ± saba or sàrdham); have sexual intercourse with; assemble at (lc.);
accord, suti: pp. suitable; according with (--°); cs. bring together; unite
(ac.) with (in.); lead any one to (2 ac.); transfer to (ic.). upa-sam, come
together to (ac.); approach, join (ac.)
p082c3-b01/ p062-062
• गम [ gam-a ]
- a. going, moving (--°); m. departure; way, distance; sexual
intercourse with (--°): -ka, a. cogent; evidencing (g.): -tâ,
f., -tva, n.
cogency.
62)
co·gent - adj. ¹. Appealing to the intellect or powers of reasoning; convincing: a cogent argument. See note at valid. -- AHTD
p082c3-b02/ p062-061
• गमध्यै [ gáma-dhyai ]
- d. inf. to go.
61)
p082c3-b03
• गमन [ gam-ana ]
- n. gait; going; betaking oneself to (ad.; ac. ± prati,
g., --°);
sexual intercourse with (--°); entering upon, undergoing (--°); course;
departure; walking; motion: -vat, a. past; -anîya, fp. accessible to, as
sailable by (g.); -ayitavya, cs. fp. to be passed (time).
60)
p082c3-b04/ p062-059
• गमागम [ gama‿âgama ]
- m. going and coming, going to and fro; sg. & pl. negotiation.
59)
p082c3-b05/ p062-058
• गमिन् [ gam-in ]
- a. about to go (to, ac., --°).
58)
p082c3-b06
• गमिष्ठ [ gám-ishtha ]
- spv. going gladly to (ac.).
57)
p082c3-b07/ p062-056
• गमिष्णु
[ gam-ishnú ]
- a. going; wishing to traverse
(ac.).
56)
{gûm}
p082c3-b08/ not online
• [gámbh-an ]
-- depth
p082c3-b09/ not online
• [gambh-irá]
-- = gabhira : â , f. N. of a river;
(á)-samsa , a. ruling in the depths.
p082c3-b10/ p062-055
• गम्भीरार्थ [ gambhîra‿artha ]
- a. of deep significance; -‿âsaya, a. having a deep thought:
-tâm kri,
conceive a deep thought.
55)
p082c3-b11/ p062-083
• गम्य [ gam-ya ]
- fp. to be gone to; accessible to (g., lc., --°); feasible;
accessible to or in the right condition for, sexual intercourse (f.); profligate
(m.); curable by (g.); conceivable, intelligible, comprehensible; to be guessed;
meant; suitable.
83)
-- UKT 140903, 180321
Because of my teen-age interest in
Esoteric Sciences such as Palmistry
and Mantras I have come across the
Pali-derived Bur-Myan word
{gûn~Da-ri} 'the science of invisibility'.
See UTM-PDMD041.
You should watch the movie:
Invisible Man :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxZ5aDsmVWs
140903
based on H.G. Wells' (a respectable
chemist turned author) science fiction,
1897, about a scientist who has devoted
himself to research into optics and
invents a way to change a body's
refractive index to that of air
so that it absorbs and reflects no
light and thus becomes invisible.
See Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man
140903
The dream of Invisibility is very
much alive today. It is of interest to
the Military: US Stealth bombers are
just the entry items. See Wikipedi:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology 170502
And downloaded pdf paper Stealth Technology: the fight against radar, by
S. Kumar, S.Misra, and S. Gupta, in International Journal of Advances in
Electronics and Computer Science, ISSN: 2393-2835, vol 1, issue 2, Dec 2014,
-
SKumarEtAl-StealthTech<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 180321)
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara 120201
Gandhāra (Skt and Hindi:
गन्धार, «gandḥārā»
is the name of an ancient kingdom
(Mahajanapada), located in northern
Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly
in the vale of Peshawar, the
Potohar plateau (see
Taxila) and on the Kabul River.
Its main cities were Purushapura
(modern Peshawar), literally meaning
City of Man
[1]
and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
[2]
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni [3] to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty [4] that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
UKT: A very extensive article - recommended for reading.
Go back Gandhara-note-b
- UKT 140928, 170501
In Exotic Tribes of Ancient India,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_tribes_of_ancient_India
140928
we read: "The classic Indian epics,
such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana,
and the Puranas, refer to diverse kinds
of beings, describing them as superhuman
or subhuman and other worldly
extraterrestrials came to inhabit planet
Earth. These groups include
[UKT: I have removed the English
"plural s" for better
transcription to Pali-Myan or
Bur-Myan]
Gandharva -
Yaksha -
Kinnara -
Kimpurusha
Rakshasa -
Naga -{na-ga.}
Suparna -
Vanara -
Vidyadhara -
Valakilya -
Pisacha -
Deva -
(within them Vasu, Rudra, Marut, Aditya) and
Asura -
(within them Danava, Daitya, Kalakeya and Nivatakavacha.) "
UKT continues: They were all humans
who worshipped the various deities
from which they had been named.
For example: Naga
{na-ga. lu-myo:su.} were humans who
worshipped the Naga-deity
{na.ga:} which was not a snake
{mrwé}.
Whether they are the same as our indigenous ethnics is not for me to speculate. I would like to emphasize here that if you were to rely only on the English transcriptions you would get into all sorts of misunderstandings.
Secondly, to identify these entities as humans, as this Wikipedia article has done, makes more sense to me - a material scientist - than what the religionists have done which I must accuse them of doing so to promote their own self-interest to install themselves as various priestly classes which must be supported by the hard working commoners as their various religious duties.
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandharva 120131
Gandharva is a name used for distinct mythological beings in Hinduism and Buddhism; it is also a term for skilled singers in Indian classical music.
In Hinduism, the gandharvas (Skt: गन्धर्व, gandharva, Tamil: கந்தர்வர், Telugu: గంధర్వ) are male nature spirits, husbands of the Apsaras. Some are part animal, usually a bird or horse. They have superb musical skills. They guarded the Soma [UKT: the health drink - a wine] and made beautiful music for the gods [déva] in their palaces. A gandharva means a singer in the court of Gods.
In Hindu theology, gandharvas act as messengers between the gods and humans. In Hindu law, a Gandharva marriage is one contracted by mutual consent and without formal rituals.
Gandharvas are mentioned extensively in
the epic Mahabharata as associated with
the devas (as dancers and singers) and
with the yakshas, as formidable warriors.
They are mentioned as spread across various
territories.
UKT 120131: A Gandharva marriage is something like the Bur-Myan common law marriage. It is a love-marriage without any ceremony [without Buddhist clergy] where a grown-up man and woman agree to start a family life as husband and wife with the knowledge [not permission] of seven front-door neighbours and seven back-door neighbours. It is recognized by Burmese-Buddhist Common Law, and upheld by all law courts in Myanmar. The following article [edited] is from: http://www.indianetzone.com/12/gandharva_marriage.htm 120130
" Mutual love and consent between the bride and the groom, are the only conditions to bring about such a marriage. It is a voluntary union of a maiden with her lover. Parents and kinsmen have nothing to do in such marriages. KamaSutra regards the marriage as an ideal one. [UKT ¶]
"Hindu mythology literature abounds in such type of marriages. For example that of
¤ [King] Dushyant and [forest-dwelling] Shakuntala शकुन्तला «śakuntalā»
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuntala 140906
¤ Daksheya and Prajapati,
¤ Bhima with Hidimbi हिडिंबी [mother of घटोत्कच «ghaṭōtkaca»
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidimbi 140906
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatotkacha 140906
¤ Kamdeva कामदेव «Kāmadeva» and Rati रति «rati»
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva 140906
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rati 140906
¤ Kach कच «kaca» and Devyani देवयानी «devayānī»
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacha_sage 140906
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devayani 140906
The two get married prior to informing anyone.UKT 140906: If I remember correctly, a Ksetriya क्षत्रिय «ksatriya» and a woman can also be married in the same way. The phrase "get married prior to informing anyone" - simply means that the two had sexual intercourse before declaring that they are man and wife.
"Gandharva marriage takes place either in a temple depending on their religion. In this marriage, there is no Yajna and presence of any other person except girl and the boy. Both agree to marry and continue family life."
[Personal note: the legalization in Myanmar is in any place, not necessarily a temple or a law court, in the presence of a ward-elder and two witnesses when the man and women sign a marriage contract. My wife Daw Than Than and I signed our contract at the Rangoon Law Court in front of a judge and two friends as witnesses on Nov 23, 1956. I was an assistant lecturer (a gazetted officer in the Govt. of Burma employ) and she was a demonstrator in the same Chemistry Dept., Rangoon Univ., in Rangoon.]
A gandharva (Skt) or gandhabba (Pāli) is one of the lowest-ranking devas in Buddhist cosmology. They are classed among the Cāturmahārājikakāyika devas, and are subject to the Great King Dhṛtarāṣṭra , Guardian of the East. Beings are reborn among the gandharvas as a consequence of having practiced the most basic form of ethics (Janavasabha-sutta, DN.18). It was considered embarrassing for a monk to be born in no better birth than that of a gandharva.
Gandharvas can fly through the air, and are known for their skill as musicians. They are connected with trees and flowers, and are described as dwelling in the scents of bark, sap, and blossom. They are among the beings of the wilderness that might disturb a monk meditating alone.
The terms gandharva and yakṣa are sometimes used for the same person; yakṣa in these cases is the more general term, including a variety of lower deities.
Among the notable gandharvas are mentioned (in DN.20 and DN.32) Panāda, Opamañña, Naḷa, Cittasena, Rājā. Janesabha is probably the same as Janavasabha, a rebirth of King Bimbisāra of Magadha. Mātali the Gandharva is the charioteer for Śakra.
Timbarū was a chieftain of the gandharvas. There is a romantic story told about the love between his daughter Bhaddā Suriyavaccasā (Skt: Bhadrā Sūryavarcasā) and another gandharva, Pañcasikha (Skt: Pañcaśikha) [UKT¶ ]
Pañcasikha,
{piñ~sa.þi-hka.}
It is very difficult for me to get the Pal-Myan orthography for Pali names: both MLC MED and UHS-PMD do not list them. The above is from the Dictionary of Pali-derived Words by U Tun Myint, -- UKT120720
Pañcasikha fell in love with Suriyavaccasā when he saw her dancing before Śakra, but she was then in love with Sikhandī (or Sikhaddi), son of Mātali the charioteer. Pañcasikha then went to Timbarū's home and played a melody on his lute of beluva-wood, on which he had great skill, and sang a love-song in which he interwove themes about the Buddha and his arahats.
Later, Śakra prevailed upon Pañcasikha to intercede with the Buddha so that Śakra might have an audience with him. As a reward for Pañcasikha's services, Śakra was able to get Suriyavaccasā, already pleased with Pañcasikha's display of skill and devotion, to agree to marry Pañcasikha.
Pañcasikha also acts as a messenger for the Four Heavenly Kings, conveying news from them to Mātali, the latter representing Śakra and the Trāyastriṃśa devas.
Gandharva or gandhabba is also used in a completely different sense, referring to a being (or, strictly speaking, part of the causal continuum of consciousness) in a liminal state between death and rebirth.
UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.
Go back Gandharva-note-b
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