p068-4.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
MC-indx.htm |
Top
MCpp-indx.htm
UKT 190411, 200225: I'm looking at the possibility of using
{hka.mauk}-diacritic for long vowel (2 eye-blink). This would give me {ka.}-{kâ} (open-vowels) and {ki }-{kî } (close-vowels). However, I cannot do this for back vowel {ku.}-{ku } due to English using only one u for both /ʌ/ (as in but) and /ʊ/ (as in put).
p068c3 : contd
{ki} की
{kî-ka.} कीक
{kî-sa.} कीच
{kî-Ta.}
UKT notes :
• Kikata - non-Aryan Magadhi
• Gaya - the place of pilgrimage
{ki} की
{ki-ka.}
कीक
• p068c3-b26/ not online
कीकट
[kîkata ]
- m. pl. N. of a non-Aryan people
UKT 200225: The name of this people occurs only in one passage of the Rigveda, where they appear as hostile to the singer and as under the leadership of Pramaganda. Yāska declares that Kīkata was the name of a non-Aryan country, and later Kīkata is given as a synonym of Magadha. See my note on Kikata non-Aryan
{ki-ka.Ta.} - the non-Aryans
• p068c3-b27/uchg p055-
कीकस [ kîkasa ]
- m. spine; n. bone.
{ki-sa.} कीच
• p068c3-b28/uchg p055-
कीचक [ kîkaka ]
- m. kind of bamboo; m. a general of Virâta, vanquished by Bhîmasena:
pl.
N. of a people. - Mac068c3
BPal: 
{ki-sa.ka.} - UHS PMD0321
UKT from UHS: m. a kind of bamboo with hollow stem which produces
sound when the wind blows over it.
Arundo karka
{ki-Ta.} कीट
• p068c3-b29/uchg p055-
कीट [ kîta ]
Skt: कीट [ kîta ]
- m. insect; worm; worm of a
--,
(p068end-p069begin) = wretched (--°);
-ka, m., i-kâ, f.
id.;
-ga, n. silk;
-mani, m. fire-fly. -
Mac068c3
© कीट [ kîta ]
Skt: कीट [ kîta ]
- m. insect; worm; worm of a
--, = wretched (--°); -- Mac068c3
Skt: कीट «kīṭa» - m. worm, Scorpion constellation,
caterpillar, expression of contempt. n. feces -- SpkSkt
IPal: {kīṭa} - m. an insect, worm; *{ja} - n. silk. - UPMT-PED075
BPal:
{kî-Ta.} - UHS PMD0321c2
UKT from UHS: m. caterpillar, insect [moth]
See:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori - 190114
"The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of the domestic silkmoth,
Bombyx mori (Latin: "silkworm of the mulberry tree").
BPal: 
{ka.ri-þa.} - UHS-PMD0299
UKT from UHS: ¹. a small area for rice
cultivation . ². spent food, feces, dried
cow-dung
- UKT 151105, 170302 :
Back in 2015, when I was looking for A. karda in Wikipedia, I found only the French version. Now in 2017, when I look for it again, I came to be aware that I must look for the genus Phragmites .
From Wikipedia: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_karka 151105
Phragmites karka est une espèce de roseau asiatique de la famille des Poaceae. Elle pousse dans les savanes humides d'Afrique, d'Asie et d'Australie.
From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites 170302
Phragmites is a genus of four species of large perennial grasses found in wetlands throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, maintained by Kew Garden in London, accepts the following four species: [1]
1. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. – cosmopolitan
2. Phragmites japonicus Steud. – Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Russian Far East
3. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. – tropical Africa, southern Asia, Australia, some Pacific Islands
4. Phragmites mauritianus Kunth – central + southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius
Go back A-karka-note-b
UKT 200225: Who were the peoples inhabiting the various regions of continental India before the Aryans infiltrated?
"Kīkaṭa
{ki-ka.Ta.} -- The name of this people occurs only in one passage of the Rigveda,
where they appear as hostile to the singer and as under the leadership of
Pramaganda. Yāska (fn2) declares that Kīkaṭa
{ki-ka.Ta.} was the name of a non-Āryan country, and later (fn8) Kīkaṭa
{ki-ka.Ta.} is given as a synonym of Magadha. Hence Zimmer (fn4) concludes that
the Kīkaṭas were a non-Aryan people living in the country later known as Magadha.
Weber (fn5) holds that this people were located in Magadha, but were Āryan,
though at variance with other Āryan tribes, perhaps because of heretical
tendencies, for Magadha was later a seat of Buddhism. But the identification is
uncertain, and is doubted by Oldenberg (fn6) and Hillebrandt. (fn7)" --
taken from Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, by A A Macdonell and A B
Keith, 1912, p159. Downloaded text in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
AAMacdonell-VedicIndex<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
(link chk 200225)
In Urban Development in India
- Kamaldeo Narain Singh - 1978
-
https://books.google.com.mm/books?... 200221
(Note: I've copied only 4 pages which are of interest to me.
Caveat: the spelling of names given by the
modern author are not reliable. I've to check the spelling of Kīkaṭa
{ki-ka.Ta.} in Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, by A A Macdonell and A
B Keith, 1912, p159.), I've found that Kīkaṭa
{ki-ka.Ta.} in Magadha were connected with the town of Gaya - the place of
pilgrimage.
From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikata_Kingdom 190110
Kikata
{ki.ka.Ta. neín-gnän} was an ancient kingdom in what is
now India, mentioned in the Vedas. It is believed
that they were the forefathers of Magadhas. It
lay to the south of Magadha Kingdom
{mín: neín-gnän}.
UKT 190111: Note how I've differentiated two entities,
A section in the Rigveda (RV 3.53.14) refers to the Kīkaṭas, a tribe which most scholars have placed in Bihar (Magadha). [1]
Zimmer has argued, in referring to Yaksa , that they were a non-Aryan people. According to Weber, they were a Vedic people, but were sometimes in conflict with other Vedic people. [2]
UKT 190112: A. P. Karmarker in his Religions of
India, 1950, identifies Vratyas
{bra-tya} as Dravidians. See The Religions of
India, vol 1, by A. P. Karmarkar, in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- APKarmarkar-ReligionsIndia01<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô>
(link chk 190112)
(Preface, p.vi):
"We feel courageous to say this, mainly because,
the various data that have become available to us
during the last five and twenty years in the field
of Epigraphy, Numismatics, Archaeology, and other
allied sciences, have changed the outlook of scholarship,
and have proved beyond doubt the possibility of the
existence of a marvellous civilization of the Vrātyas
{bra-tya.} in pre-Aryan India. Especially, the wonderful
discoveries made at Mohanjo Daro, Harappa and other
proto-Indian sites are of an absorbing interest.
"It was in this light that I took a detailed survey
of the Mohenjo Daro inscriptions and other finds, the
originals of twenty-four Purānas
{pu.raaN kyûm} and Upa-Purāṇas, and the Vedic,
Brāhmaṇic, Upaniṣadic, Epic,
Tāntric and other allied literature. I have made
full use of all the Epigraphic, Numismatic and other
available materials. I found in the Purāṇas
a very valuable material indeed! It is my firm opinion
that they contain the history of man from the early
beginnings of history down to about the fourteenth
century A.D."
UKT 190112: Karmarkar's first assertion that the peoples of Indus-Sarasvati
civilization were the Vrātyas and the second assertion that Dravidians were the
Vrātyas, are doubtful. The so-called Indus-Sarasvati inscriptions are still yet
to be deciphered.
See Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation 190112
Look in my notes on Kirata
{ki.ra-ta.} किरात : Himalayan race in --
p068-3.htm (link chk 200225)
Go back KikataNonAryan-note-b
In the following you'll come across some of the ancient peoples of India:
Kikata
{ki-ka.Ta.}, Vrātya
{bra-tya.}, Asura
{a.þu-ra}
After coming across Urban Development in India - Kamaldeo Narain Singh - 1978
I look for another work by the same author which I've downloaded into TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries
- KNSingh-Urbanization01<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200221)
From bookpreview: Urban Development in India - Kamaldeo Narain Singh - 1978
- https://books.google.com.mm/books?... 200221
(Note: I've copied only 4 pages which are of interest to me. Caveat: the spelling of names given by the modern author are not reliable. I've to check the spelling of Kīkaṭa
Ch01. The Setting: History
(p013begin)
Gaya is a place of antiquity. It finds mention even in early Hindu mythology.
The history of Gaya affords an interesting history of the evolution of different
religions and cultures of the various races inhabiting the Gaya region in
different periods. Gaya was the earliest centre of various Indian religions and
doctrines. This pre-historic land had witnessed the rise and fall of many
ancient civilisations and religions which left behind distinctive marks on the
land and its people. The earlier civilisations of the Vratyas and
Asuras were submerged in the midst of the superior civilisation of the
Aryans who assimilated many non-Aryan beliefs, cults and traits. (fn1) Gaya
presents the history of pre-Aryan India as well. (fn2)
The history of Gaya is the history of a part of Magadha. Like the Videhas of Mithila, the Magadhas of the Gaya region were for centuries the most powerful and most enlightened nation in India. (fn3) [UKT¶]
In the Vedic period, the ancient name of Magadha was Kikata, [UKT:
spelling given by A A Macdonell: Kīkaṭa
{ki-ka.Ta.}] which was
then inhabited by the non-Aryan primitvie tribes of Vratyas and
Asuras, having their distinct religions and cultures. (fn4) The modern
districts of Patna (p013end-p014begin) and Gaya
formed this territory proper. In the Vedic period, Gaya appears to be a
wonder-worker or a sorcerer. (fn5) In the Vedic Samhitas, the Asuras
and Rakshasas are credited with tricks and magic. (fn6) It is not
difficult to imagine how a sorcerer named Gaya could have been transformed into
Gaya-Asura later on the Puranic age. During the earlier Vedic period, the
Brahmanas of Aryavarta showed a marked antipathy towards the land of Magadha
and its people as it was the seat of other rival religions of Vratyism, Asuraism,
Buddhism and Jainism, which had less regard for the Brahmanas' faith. (fn7)
Baudhayana, a writer of the sixth century B.C., mentioned Magadha as a country
as inhabited by non-Aryan people. (fn8)
The word 'Magadha', a name for the ages including Gaya, may have been derived from the word 'Maga'. The Magas were the fire- or sun-worshipping priests of ancient Iran, who had formed a colony in eastern India, particularly in Magadah. (fn9) The Gayawal Pandas of Gaya declare themselves as Agnihotri Brahmanas which signifies the worship of fire or sun. (fn10)
There are interesting legends about the origin of the name Gaya. The sacred land of Gaya has derived its name from the royal sage Gay of the epic period who had performed many sacrifices at Gaya. According to the Vayu Purana, the Sidh demon Gaya-Asura lent his name to Gaya-khetra during the puranic age.
Gaya is one of the oldest existing cities of the world and enjoys a unique place in the cultural history of India. (fn11) Magadha had an unprecedented history, culture and civilisation in its palmy days. Gaya was a special part of it and naturally Gaya can boast of its great past. [UKT¶]
Magadha came under the pale of Aryan civilisation much later than the other portions of northern India. (fn12) With the reign of Asoka, Gaya came into prominence. (fn13) Asoka became a Buddhist and constructed a temple and monastery at Bodh-Gaya. One of the most notable events of his reign was, so far as Gaya is concerned, transplanting a branch of the Bodhi tree in Ceylon. Gaya had played a significant role during the time of the Guptas. (fn14) Samudragupta, the second great ruler of the Gupta dynasty, is specially famous in the history of Gaya for the communication that passed between him and the King of Ceylon about 330 A. D. (fn15) According to R.D. Banerji, the Vishnupad temple (p014end-p015begin) of Gaya was already popular in the early part of the fourth century A.D. (fn16) [UKT¶]
The great Chinese traveller, Fa-Hein, who visited Gaya in 409 A.D., had found it 'empty and desolate'. (fn17) Hiuen Tsiang in 630-645 A D. described Gaya town as well defended, difficult of access, thinly populated and containing a thousand universally respected Brahmanas. (fn18) Shankaracharya (766-820), the great reviver of HInduism, is said to have visited Gaya. The reputed Vaishnava leaders Ramanujacharya (1017-1107). Madhvacharya (1230-1317) and Vallavacharya (1438-1530) are believed to have visited the Gaya-Tirtha. (fn19) Mahaprabhu Chaitanya Deva visited Gaya in 1508 A. D, for performing the Gaya-Sraddha. (fn20)
After the conquest of Bihar by Bukhatiyar Khiji, Gaya passed under Muslim rule and its history merged in that of Subah Bihar, of which it formed an important part. The town came into prominence during the reign of Aurangzeb when Saharchand Choudhary, a converted nobleman, received a royal grant of 4,000 acres of land here. The town was an important battle-field during the British period. Thomas Law, who was appointed Collector of Bihar District in 1787, laid down Sahebganj between the old town and the Ramshila HIll. Buchman Hamilton's report had mentioned about the narrow, dirty and crooked streets of Gaya town. (fn21) During the freedom movement of 1857, Gaya played an important role. Gaya was a part of Bihar and Ramgarh district till 1865 when a new district known as the district of Gaya was created with Gaya as its headquarters. (fn22)
In the religious history of India, Gaya occupies a unique place. Gaya was the centre of activities of the two great religions of Buddhism and Jainism. It was the scene of the life and work of their founders, Gautam Buddha and his elder contemporary, Vardhaman Mahavira. Buddhism found specific recognition among the inhabitants of Gaya. Jainism also flourished and left its distinctive marks on the land. Gaya is regarded as a sacred place by Hindus and Buddhists alike. Gaya is religiously known for the Sraddha ceremony performed by the Hindus. According to Hindu religion, it becomes incumbent on every Hindu son to offer Pindas to release the spirit of his ancestors from the horrors of hell. During the Pitripaksha Mela, held in the dark half of Ashwin, more than a lakh pilgrims (p015end-p016begin) come to Gaya for performing the Gaya-Sraddha. 'Every Hindu family is a partnership between the living and the dead. The Sraddha is intended to impress the idea of family solidarity on the members.' (fn23)
The Present Town
The town of Gaya has natural boundaries. It is bound on the north by the Murli and Ramshila Hills, on the south by the Brahmayoni Hill, on the east by the river Phalgu and on the west by open country broken by the ridge known as the Katari HIll. [UKT ¶]
The greater part of Gaya lies in a valley. Due to the bare rocks and the river Phalgu which remains dry for most part of the year, the town becomes extremely hot and dirty during the summer season.
The town is locally divided into two parts. The old town of Gaya is popularly known as Andar Gaya and the new town as Sahebganj. Andar Gaya contains the residence of Gayawals who preside over the Gaya Pilgrimage. This part of the town has narrow streets and alleys. Many of the houses of Andar Gaya are very old and some of them are situated on a much higher level than others. The Gayawals, as a class, at one time were very rich. But with the impact of modern trends in religion and society, the Gayawals live in difficult times and their lofty houses cannot be rebuilt although many of them need them. The Ghats leadings to the Phalgu river are not kept clean. Uncouth rows of buildings have been allowed to be built without any available vacant plot. The Vishnupad temple is situated on the bank of the Phalgu river in Andar Gaya. The temple stands in a courtyard which is another courtyard in which stands a small granite temple dedicated to Vishnu in the form of Gadadhara (the mace-bearer). By the side of the road leading to the Vishnupad temple is a tank called Surajkund. To the west of this tank there stands a temple of the Sun-God. About 200 yards to the north is the famous temple of Pitamaheshvara situated in the modern portion of Gaya town. There are some tanks held sacred nearabout. The water of the tanks is very dirty. The improvement of the area has engaged the attention (p016end-p017begin) of the local Municipality and District authorities. Still the area needs improvements.
UKT 190112: Points of interest
• The history of Gaya{ga-ya mro.} is the history of a part of Magadha
{ma-ga.Da. ma.ha-za.na.pa.da.}.
• Kikata
Go back Gaya-pilgrimage-note-b
End of TIL file
