{kic~sæÑ:} , or Kachchayano
{kic~sæÑ:} , or Kachchayano
PEG-indx.htm
by F. Mason, Toungoo, 1867
Downloaded from
1.
http://books.google.com/books?... 110727
the above site, 251 pdf pages: -
PDF-Mason (link chk 150619)
Since many pages of PDF-Mason are not legible, you will need
to open -
-
PDF-EM (link chk 150619)
2. German website:
http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10248714-1
130918
http://reader.digitale-
sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10248714_00013.html
Pix on right: from source #2. Click on the pix to see the cover of 1867.
Reproduced and edited with additions by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA) and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL) . Since the original first pdf reproduced from the original book, which was not very readable in some pages, I have taken some from Mazard's Version of Mason's Pali Grammar, by Francis Mason & Eisel Mazard (馬大影), first distribution in 2015, downloaded - PDF-EM 150609. Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR : http://www.tuninst.net
UKT 150609: Many are still thinking that Alphabet and Akshara (or Abugida) are the same. A consonantal glyph in Alphabet such as /k/ is not pronounceable until you supply it with a vowel such as /a/. It then becomes a syllable /ka/ and is pronounceable. However, a consonantal glyph in Akshara (or Abugida) is already a syllable and is pronounceable. Thus
{ka.} can be pronounced. The inherent vowel in
{a.þût}, in which case it becomes equal to a letter in the Alphabet.
{k} /k/
The virama
Since Alphabet is not the same as Akshara, I have replaced the word "Alphabet" in many pages with "Akshara".
Preface (1868) - Mason -
pre.htm (complete)
Introduction (1868) - Mason -
c00.htm (complete)
Introduction to Kachchayana's
Grammar - James D'Alwis, Colombo, 1863, -
c00-Alwi.htm (only 5/132 completed)
D'Alwis Introduction
covers roman-i to roman-cxxxvi amounting to
136 regular pages equiv to 287 pdf pages.
The first 132 pages
equiv to 272 pdf-pages are in English. The
last 14 pdf-pages are in Lanka script.
An Introduction (for 2015) by Eisel Mazard
(馬大影), 265 pdf pages
-
c00-EM.htm (complete)
Chapter 01. The Akshara -
c01.htm
Akshara. 001.
Origin of the Pali akshara.
003. Simplicity of the Pali akshara.
005. Age of the akshara .
007. Modern akshara .
008. The Pali language. 010. Derivation of
word Pali. 011. Extension of the Pali language.
013. The first Pali grammar. 014. Number of
letters. 015. Division of letters. 017.
Pronunciation. 017.
Chapter 02. Permutation - c02.htm
When two vowels meet. 021. Kaccayano's rules. 027. General rules. 028. Insertion
of consonants. 028. When vowels are followed by consonants. 029. The nasal
symbol, anuswara. 031.
Chapter 03. Tables of Declension - c03.htm
Nouns. 034. First declension. 034. Second declension. 037. Third declension.
039. Irregular nouns. 042. Adjectives. 043. Participles. 045. Numerical
adjectives. 046. Pronouns. 048. Rock-cut declension. 055.
Chapter 04. Declension of Nouns. p.111
Chapter 05. Declension of Adjectives (incl. numbers). p.122
Chapter 06. Declension of Pronouns. p.131
Chapter 07. Verbs. p.135
Chapter 08. Indeclinable Words. p.198
Chapter 09. Derivative Words. p.205
Chapter 10. Compound Words. p.217
Chapter 11. Syntax and Chrestomathy p. 225
Appendix A. Woolner on Ashokan. p.257
Appendix B. Who was Francis Mason? p. 260
UKT notes :
• Base consonants and
vowels of BEPS
-- update 130818 with
compromises made to bring Indo-European languages, Eng-Lat &
Skt-Dev, and Tibeto-Burman languages, Bur-Myan & Pal-Myan together.
•
Doggie's Tale - copy-paste
UKT note to TIL editor 130918:
• You can easily digitize to HTML by enlarging the PDF to 125%.
• For typing out, you will need to look into individual pages, and each page may have to be cut as:
p001.gif, p002.gif, p003.gif in PIX-for-txt folder.
• For presenting original txt, or, pix, you will save the material in paint-gif. Number each as:
- from p001 - nil
- from p002 - p002-01.gifDear Mr. Tun,
you can find the whole information for downloading the PDF in English too
https://download.digitale-sammlungen.de/BOOKS/pdf_ download.pl?vers=e&id= 10248714&ersteseite=1& letzteseite=240&nr=&x=9&y=9
Kind regards,
Doreen Stehr
UKT 130624:
When I first started out on this grammar in July 2011, my knowledge of Skt-Dev (Sanskrit speech in Devanagari script) was nil. And my familiarity of phonetics was very meagre. Now I am able to give the akshara-to-akshara transcription between Pal-Myan & Skt-Dev, and also the IPA pronunciations wherever appropriate. However, there are great pronunciation differences between Pal-Myan & Skt-Dev, and the reader is discouraged to pronounce the Pal-Myan words as in Skt-Dev. Do not, therefore, use the IAST transliterations. Similarly, the so-called International Pali which was based on SriLanka pronunciations and the Pal-Myan pronunciations are quite different. Therefore:
Listen to my invocation (recited by Mingun Sayadaw - pix on right) to seen and unseen forces (entities including deva-gods) to witness my work: invocation <))
Listen to Mingun Sayadaw recite Mora Sutta <))
Mora Sutta is the equivalent of Gayatri Mantra sung by Anuradha Paudwal Gayatri Mantra <))Unable to get a likeness of
{rhing kic~si:}, the ancient Pali-scholar, I am showing the likeness of
{rhing wi.sait~ta.}, Mungun Sayadaw, our present-day Pali-Myan scholar. The full official name is
{U: wi.sait~ta.þa-ra-Bi.wän-þa.} . See Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingun_Sayadaw 130628
F. Edgerton has written in his
(p002c2-cont) that"
"1.15. The Buddha himself was an
'easterner'; his family lived at Kapilavastu,
in northeaster Kosala (Oudh); his wanderings
seem to have been chiefly bounded on the
west by Srāvastī (also in Kosala,
tho considerably to the west of Kapilavastu)
and on the east by Rājagrha, the capital
of Magadha (Bihar south of the Ganges). All
this region belongs linguistically to what
is now called modern Bihari (except that
Srāvastī may perhaps be just over
the line in Eastern Hindi). Doubtless most
of his disciples belonged to the same
general region, and we may assume that,
during the Buddha's lifetime, the Buddhist
texts were mainly, at least, recited in
eastern dialects. Yet no one knows just
what dialect the Buddha spoke; and it seems
clear that the dialects of his disciples
differed perceptibly."
Since overland routes, across very high mountains, between north-eastern India and northern Myanmarpré had been used by foot travellers long before the time of the Gautama Buddha, the "Pali" spoken in Myanmarpré must be close to the dialect the Buddha had spoken.
UKT 130627, 141220: What is the year marked as
A.C. 298 by Rev. F. Mason? As this
work by the Buddhist saint Shin Kic-si
{kic~sæÑ:}, the Calendar is of Theravada
Buddhist tradition, in which the
epochal year 0 date was the day
on which Gautama Buddha died the
physical death. The pre-Buddha
Prince Siddhartha attained full mental
liberation from the bonds of Greed,
Anger, Sensuality and Pride on the day
he gained insight. It is equivalent to the achievement
of Buddhahood which may be called
Naibbana
{naib~ba.na.}. The word Naibbana
{naib~ba.na.} in Pali is equivalent language-wise to Nirvana in Sanskrit.
However if you go down to the underlying ideas, Naibbana
{naib~ba.na.} means cessation of mental suffering (see UHS-PMD0532), whereas
Nirvana is attainment of a physical suffering-free world or Heaven. Naibbana
{naib~ba.na.} can be attained before death, but Nirvana can only be attained
after the death of the physical body. Years later with the
physical death he was finally freed from
the ill-effects of Hotness-coldness,
Hunger-thirst, Necessities of Sleep-rest,
Old age and Disease. The physical death
of a person, male or female, who had
already gained insight is known as
Parinibbāna . [The definition
of words Parinibbana (Pali)
and Nirvana (Sanskrit) are
mine: there may be other definitions.
Calculations based on Burmese-Buddhist
tradition gives the date of Prinirvana
as 13 May 544 BCE -- Tuesday,
Full-moon day of lunar month Kason.
See Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_calendar 130627]
-- UKT 120526, 130518
Columns #2 and #4 have been described as "aspirated", and an <h> is added to the names of the consonants. For example, the columns are traditionally described as:
c1 - voiceless, c2 - voiceless-aspirated, c3 - voiced, c-4 - voiced-aspirated , e.g. row#5
प «pa», फ «pha», ब «ba», भ «bha»
In my table above, I have named the columns differently removing the English notion of "aspiration", where the <h> is dropped in Cockney dialect. In Cockney dialect "Henry Higgins" becomes 'enry 'iggins .
I am not satisfied with my description of column c4. I had called it "voiced pharyngeal" at one time because the POA seems to be way back in the throat - the pharynx. Since the pharyngeals are connected with IPA /h/, I am now calling it deep-h. I do not think it is a simple case of voice lag and aspiration .
My intermediary script, Romabama, has its
beginnings in
Though I realized that I must have training
in phonetics and linguistics, I was already
advanced in age to go back to school, and
I have to learn these subjects online using
my analytical skill as a scientist and
engineer. I was assisted by my young wife
Daw ThanThan Tun who was also a chemist.
She had been my classmate and life-long
companion since our teenage years, until
she died in 2004. I welcome anyone more
capable than me to improve my basic
requirements.
To come up with a comprehensive alphabet, I have to improvised more than once, such as the one shown for Romabama alphabet r2c4 cell.
My aim in integrating IPA into BEPS is to come up with a reliable transcription -- which would not be perfect for theorists -- of Bur-Myan to Eng-Latin and back. I am finding that I cannot apply the IPA strictly, and transcriptions such as /ç/ & /ʝ/ for palatal fricatives, and /ʂ/ & /ʐ/ for retroflex fricatives are taken to be unpronounceable.
For the fricatives, I have taken only
/θ/ , /s/, /z/ , /ʃ/ as
pronounceable. The English affrices /ʧ/
& /ʤ/ are taken to be mis-pronunciation
due to the Western phoneticians not being
capable of distinguishing the tenuis
{ka.},
{sa.},
{ta.},
{pa.} from the voiceless
{hka.},
{hsa.},
{hta.},
{hpa.}.
One of the obstacles is to find a place for
Bur-Myan Nya'gyi
{Ña.kri:}, & Nya'le
{ña.lé:}, both of which have to be pushed
into one cell r2c5. Until, I realized that
monosyllabic medials are found only in
Bur-Myan, and not in Skt-Dev, I could not
make any progress. When I looked into
Skt-Dev conjuncts closely I realized that
they are disyllabic conjuncts. I need to
come to this understanding to explain the
medial-conjunct problem in Pal-Myan, where
Nya'gyi
{Ña.kri:} is deemed to be the horizontal
conjunct of two Nya'le
{ña.lé:}:
{ñ} +
Pal-Myan
Bur-Myan{Ñ}
Similar to{ya.} + viram -->
{ý}
Then looking into the killed Bur-Myan Nya'gyi
{Ña.kri:}, & Nya'le
{ña.lé:}, I found that killed Bur-Myan Nya'gyi
{Ña.kri:} is almost the same as killed Ya'palak
{ya.}. This shows that Nya'gyi
{Ña.kri:} is not a basic nasal, but a basic
nasalized approximant. I moved Ya'palak
{ya.} to velar position, which provides
position for Nya'gyi
{Ña.kri:} in the palatal position.
Most of the Westerners are sibilant speakers. Of the BEPS, languages, Burmese and English speakers are used to non-hissing thibilant /θ/ sounds. An example of an English thibilant word is <thin> /θɪn/. Sanskrit speakers mix up this sound with /s/. Romabama has to make allowances for all these conflicting patterns of sounds, and has to come up with a compromise. It is summarized in the table below.
Now that I am including Mon-Myan into my study, I am putting in another perspective. My online source is:
From Lonsdale:
-- UKT 130520
When you refer to Daniels Jones' vowel
quadrilateral, the four corners correspond
to Bur-Myan vowels, {a.}, {i.}, {u.}, {au:}.
Of these, the first 3 correspond to Skt-Dev
short-long vowels. These are what are known
as {þa.wuN} vowels. The problem lies in the
open-back vowel {au:}. The vowels that are
most troublesome are the mid-vowels,
especially because, the IE languages do
not have the corresponding vowel to {o}
which is the same as IPA /o/. I also have
trouble in pinning down what vowel corresponds
to IPA /ɔ/ 'open o'.
To bring BEPS vowels to conform to Daniel Jones' quadrilateral and IPA, I should edit the {þa.wuN} on two counts: change to {a.}, {i.}-{Ri.}, {u.}. Bring in {au.}. That would complete the 4 corners of the quadrilateral. Secondly, the {a.þa.wuN} should broken up, and paired again. Break up the {ÁU:}-{au} pair. Pair up {è:}-{ÁU:} & {é}-{o}. Do I have the courage? Not yet! I need to study further especially the Mon-Myan.
Go back base-con-vow-note-b
-- UKT 130613
Mnemonic
The Doggie Tale:
Little doggie cringe in fear -- ŋ (velar),
Seeing Ella's flapping ears -- ɲ (palatal)
And, the Shepard's hanging rear -- ɳ (retroflex).
Doggie so sad he can't get it out
What's that Kasha क्ष when there's a Kha ख ?
And when there's Jana ज्ञ what I am to do with Jha झ?
Note to digitizer: you can copy and
paste the following:
Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū
Ḍ ḍ Ḥ ḥ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ
ḹ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ Ṅ ṅ
Ñ ñ Ṇ ṇ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ
Ś ś Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ ɕ ʂ
• Instead of Skt-Dev ः {wic~sa.} use "colon" :
• Avagraha ऽ use apostrophe
• Root sign √
• Fricatives : च «ca» छ «cha» श ś [ɕ]
/ʃ/ ; ष ṣ [ʂ] /s/; स s [s] /θ/ ;
• Undertie in Dev transcription: ‿ U203F
• IPA-, Pali- & Sanskrit nasals: ŋ ṅ ṅ , ɲ ñ ñ , ɳ ṇ ṇ, n n n , m m m
Pali- & Skt {þé:þé:ting}: aṁ , aṃ
• IPA symbols: ɑ ɒ ə ɛ ɪ ʌ ʊ ʃ ʧ ʤ θ ŋ ɲ ɳ
ɴ ɔ ɹ ʔ /kʰ/ /ː/
circumflex-acute :
ấ U+1EA5 , ế U+1EBF
upsilon-vrachy ῠ
small-u-breve ῠ ŭ
* Typography: * † ‡ ‖ §
Go back Dog-tale-note-b
End of TIL file
