An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson VII
A. Aorist (Ajjatan´) - Active voice
| Terminations | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| 3rd | ´ | uµ |
| 2nd | o | ttha |
| 1st | iµ | mha |
| paca: to cook | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| 3rd | apac´, pac´ | apacuµ, pacuµ |
| apaci, paci | apaciµsu, paciµsu | |
| he cooked | they cooked | |
| 2nd | apaco, paco | apacittha, pacittha |
| you cooked | you cooked | |
| 1st | apaciµ, paciµ | apacimhŒ, pacimhŒ |
| I cooked | we cooked | |
| gamu: to go | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| 3rd | agam´, gam´ | agamuµ, gamuµ |
| agami, gami | agamiµsu, gamiµsu | |
| 2nd | agamo, gamo | agamittha, gamittha |
| 1st | agamiµ, gamiµ | agamimhŒ, gamimhŒ |
| su: to hear | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| 3rd | asuö´, suö´ | asuöiµsu |
| asuöi, suöi | suöiµsu | |
| 2nd | asuöo, suöo | asuöittha, suöittha |
| 1st | asuöiµ, suöiµ | asuöimhŒ, suöimhŒ |
In the past tense the augment "a" is optionally used before the root*. The third person "´" is sometimes shortened, and the third person plural "uµ" is often changed into "iµsu". The vowel preceding "ttha" and "mhŒ" is changed into "i". The second person "o" is mostly changed into "i".
Whenever the root or stem ends in a vowel e or Πthe s Aorist is used, i.e. s is added before the suffix.
| Examples:- | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| si | suµ, µsu | |
| si | sittha | |
| siµ | simhŒ | |
| dŒ: to give | |
| SING. | dŒ + s + i = adŒsi |
| PLU. | dŒ + µsu = adaµsu |
| disa: to preach | |
| SING. | disa + s + i = desesi |
| PLU. | disa + µsu = desiµsu |
| ÊhŒ: to stand | |
| SING. | ÊhŒ + s + i = aÊÊhŒsi |
| PLU. | ÊhŒ + µsu = aÊÊhaµsu |
*This "a" should not be mistaken for the negative prefix "a".
B. Possessive Pronouns
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||||
| 3rd | m. n. | tassa | his | tesaµ | their |
| f. | tassŒ | her | tŒsaµ | their | |
| 2nd | m. f. n. | tava, tuyhaµ | your or thine | tumhŒkaµ | your |
| 1st | m. f. n. | mama, mayhaµ | my | amhŒkaµ | our |
These are the Genitive cases of the Personal Pronouns.
| Words: | |||
| Aparaöha | m. | afternoon | |
| Ciraµ | indec. | long, for a long time | |
| Eva | indec. | just, quite, even, only (used as an emphatic affirmative) | |
| H´yo | indec. | yesterday | |
| PŒto | indec. | early in the morning | |
| PŒtarŒsa | m. | morning meal | |
| Pubbaöha | m. | forenoon | |
| Purato | indec. | in the presence of | |
| SŒyamŒsa | m. | evening meal, dinner | |
| Viya | indec. | like | |
Exercise 7-A
| 1. | Buddho loke uppajji. |
| 2. | H´yo samaöo dhammaµ desesi. |
| 3. | DŒrako pŒto'va* tassa pŒÊhasŒlaµ agam´. |
| 4. | îcariyŒ tesaµ sissŒnaµ pubbaöhe ovŒdaµ adaµsu. |
| 5. | Ciraµ te amhŒkaµ gharaµ na agamiµsu. |
| 6. | DŒrikŒ tŒsaµ janakassa purato aÊÊhaµsu. |
| 7. | Tvaµ tassŒ hatthe mayhaµ pottakaµ passo. |
| 8. | Tvaµ gaºgŒyaµ nahŒyituµ pŒto'va agamo. |
| 9. | Tvaµ ajja pŒtarŒsaµ na bhu–jo. |
| 10. | Kuhiµ tumhe tumhŒkaµ mittehi saddhiµ aparaöhe agamittha? |
| 11. | KasmŒ tumhe'yeva** mama Œcariyassa lekhanŒni na likhittha? |
| 12. | Tumhe ciraµ mayhaµ putte na passittha. |
| 13. | Ahaµ tuyhaµ paööŒkŒre h´yo na alabhiµ. |
| 14. | Aham'eva*** gilŒnŒnaµ ajja osadhaµ adŒsiµ. |
| 15. | Ahaµ asse passituµ visikhŒyaµ aÊÊŒsiµ. |
| 16. | Mayaµ tuyhaµ Œcariyassa sisse ahosimhŒ. |
| 17. | Mayaµ ajja pubbaöhe na uggaöhimhŒ. |
| 18. | SamaöŒ viya mayam'pi**** saddhŒya dhammaµ suöimhŒ. |
*PŒto + eva = pŒto'va. Here the following vowel is dropped.
**Tumhe + eva = Tumhe yeva. Sometimes "y" is augmented between vowels.
***Ahaµ + eva = aham'eva. When a niggahita is followed by a vowel it is sometimes changed into "m".
****Mayaµ + api = mayam'pi. Here the following vowel is dropped and niggahita is changed into "m".
Exercise 7-B
| 1. | I slept on my bed. |
| 2. | I stood in their garden in the evening. |
| 3. | I sat on a bench in the hall to write a letter to his friend. |
| 4. | We bathed in the river in the early morning*. |
| 5. | We ourselves** treated the sick yesterday. |
| 6. | For a long time we lived in our uncle's house in the city. |
| 7. | Child, why did you stand in front of your teacher? |
| 8. | Wife, you cooked rice in the morning. |
| 9. | Son, where did you go yesterday? |
| 10. | You obtained wisdom through your teachers. |
| 11. | Why did you not hear the Doctrine like your father? |
| 12. | Where did you take your dinner yesterday? |
| 13. | She was standing in her garden for a long time. |
| 14. | He himself*** washed the feet of his father. |
| 15. | For a long time my friend did not buy goods from his shop. |
| 16. | The doctors did not come to the hospital in the afternoon. |
| 17. | The boys and girls did not bring their books to school yesterday. |
| 18. | I myself gave medicine to the sick last**** morning. |
*Use PŒto'va.
**Use mayam'eva.
***Use so eva.
****Use h´yo.