by Kyaw Soe and Tin Myo Ngwé, Forest Resource Environment Development and
Conservation Association (FREDA), Series 1, 2004, ISBN 974-91986-0-3
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Agri.Dept.2000:
Akshara
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UKT: Nagathein references are given to check the Burmese-Myanmar names. * shows where there is no agreement in Burmese name but when the plant is identifiable from botanical name.
{poan:ñak} Calophyllum inophyllum
L. 2-284
{ming:kwut} Garcinia mangostana L.2-449
{mak-lein-hkying} Garcinia pedunculata Roxb.2-445
{kan°.kau} Mesua ferrea L.1-121
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KS-TMN 105
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Botanical name: Calophyllum inophyllum L. Sp. Pl. 513. 1753. Myanmar name: Pone-nyet English name: Alexandrian Laurel; Dillo Oil tree Family: Guttiferae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 2-284: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
A middle sized tree, trunk crooked; bark grey, smooth, the younger stems
glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae
oblong or obovate-oblong, the bases obtuse to rounded, the margins entire,
obscurely undulate, the tips rounded, often emarginate, unicostate, reticulate,
the lateral veins many, fine, arise at right angles to the midrib, parallel and
closely set, the surfaces glabrous, glaucous, coriaceous. Inflorescences in
axillary lax racemes, shorter than the leaves, few-flowered. Flowers ebracteate,
ebracteolate, pedicellate, polygamous, actinomorphic, outer much smaller, the
two inner petaloid. Corolla apopetalous, the petals 4, oblong, white, fragrant.
Androecium tetra-adelphous, stamens numerous, the filaments erect, the anthers
dithecous, oblongoid, exserted, basifixed, dehiscence longitudinal; staminodes
numerous in pistillate flower. Pistil 1, ovary ovoid-globose, stipitate,
1-carpelled, 1-loculed, with an axile-basal ovule in the locule, the style long,
twisted, the stigma capitate, peltate; pistillode often present in the staminate
flower. Fruit a drupe, globose, pulp scanty, yellowish, smooth, seed globose,
non-endospermic.
Flowering period: May-June/October
Fruiting period: July-August/December
Distribution: Grows wild, common in coastal areas. Planted.
Parts used and uses: Buds, barks: Haematemesis; Promotes spermatogenesis.
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KS-TMN 106
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Botanical name: Garcinia mangostana L.
Sp. Pl. 635. 1753. Myanmar name: Min-gut English name: Mangosteen Family: Guttiferae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 2-449: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
An evergreen tree; younger stems cylindrical, glabrous, latex yellow juice.
Leaves opposite, distichous, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae
elliptic-oblong, the bases obtuse, the margins entire, the tips acuminute,
unicostate, reticulate, the veins horizontal, glabrous, deep green, coriaceous,
glaucous. Inflorescences terminal cymes, bisexual flowers solitary, at the ends
of branches, staminate flowers in 3- to 9- flowered fasicled cymes, pistillates
solitary or paired at ends of branches. Flowers ebracteate, ebracteolate,
pedicellate, polygamodioecious, actinomorphic, tetramerous, hypogynous. Bisexual
flowers: Calyx aposepalous, the sepals 4, orbicular, concave, decussate,
yellowish, persistent. Corolla apopetalous, the petals 4, broadly ovate,
imbricate, rosy pink, glabrous. Androecium polyandrous, stamens numerous,
inserted, or as 4 phalanges surrounding the postillode in staminte flowers, the
filaments short, basifixed, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovary globose,
4-carpelled, syncarpous, 8-loculed, the ovule solitary in each locule, the
placentation axile-basal, the stigma sessile, 8-rayed, peltate, yellow. Fruit a
berry, globose, rind coriaceous, thick, deep brownish crimson; seeds reniform,
6-8, large, enclosed in a pulpy aril, non-endospermic.
Flowering period: November-March
Fruiting period: March-July
Distribution: Commonly cultivated along the coast of Tanin-thayi.
Parts used and uses: Rind of fruit -- Diarrhoea; Dysentery; Infantile diarrhoea; Irritable colon; Urethritis; Cystitis; Bleeding piles; Astringent effect.
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KS-TMN 109
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Botanical name: Garcinia pedunculata
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 625. Myanmar name: Metlin-chin English name: Family: Guttiferae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 2-445: Photos: |
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Identification charaters:
A large evergreen tree; younger stems cylindrical, glabrous, latex yellow juice.
Leaves opposite, decussate, simple; exstipulate; petioles long; laminae obtuse,
rarely elliptic-oblong, the bases obtuse, the margins entire, the tips acute or
acuminate, unicostate, reticulate, glabrous, sub-coriaceous. Inflorescences
terminal, solitary or 3-chotomous paniculate cymes.Flowers ebracteolate,
pedicellate, polygamodioecious, actinomorphic, tetramerous, hypogynous.
Staminate flowers on a 3-chotomous paniculate cymes, 8- to 12- flowered, pale
green. Calyx aposepalous, the sepals 4, decussate, orbicular, fleshy, the inner
pair narrower, persistent. Corolla apopetalous, the petals 4, imbricate, oblong,
narrower than sepals, scarcely longer, sepaloid. Androecium polyandrous,
numerous, stamens in a 4-angled truncate shortly stipitate mass surrounding the
pistillode, the filaments short, thick, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid,
dehiscence longitudinal. Pistillate and bisexual flowers solitary, larger than
the staminates, terminal on a thick 4-angled peduncle. Calyx and corolla
characters as in the staminate. Androecium adelphous, stamens 20-30, the
filaments short, thick, in 4 phalanges, connate below, staminodes numerous in
pistillate flower, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid, dehiscence longitudinal.
Pistil 1, ovary globose, 4-carpelled, syncarpous, 8-loculed, the ovules solitary
in each locule, the placentation axile-basal, the stigma sessile, 8- to 9-
rayed, peltate, spreading. Fruit a berry, globose, rind coriaceous, thick,
yellow; seeds reniform, 8-10, large, aril succulent, whitish, non-endospermic.
Flowering period: January-March
Fruiting period: Apirl-June
Distribution: Planted in Myitkyina, Bhamo.
Parts used and uses: Unripe fruit -- Carminative. Ripe fruit -- Angina pectoris; Abdominal tumour; Haemorrhoids; To allay thirst; Biliousness; Constipation; Heartburn; Appetizer; Gains weight.
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KS-TMN 110
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Botanical name: Mesua ferrea L.Sp. Pl. 515. 1753. Myanmar name: Gan-gaw English name: Ceylon Iron-wood; Ironwood of Assam Family: Guttiferae Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 1-121: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
A middle-sized tree; trunk straight, erect, the younger stems obscurely
quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves opposite, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae
linear-lanceolate, the bases obtuse, the margins entire, the tips acuminate,
unicostate, reticulate, the lateral veins many, fine, closely set, the surfaces
glaucous, green, the upper darker. Inflorescences usually terminal cymes,
solitary or in pairs. Flowers bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual,
actinomorphic, tetramerous, hypogynous. Calyx aposepalous, the sepals 4,
orbicular, cucullate, thick, the margins membranous, persistent. Corolla
apopetalous, the petals 4, cuneate-obovate, the margins crisped, undulate,
white. Androecium polyandrous, stamens numerous, monadelphous only at the base,
the filaments filiform, golden yellow, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid, dehiscence
longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovary ovoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the
ovules 2 in each locule, the placentation basal, the ovules erect, the style
twice as long as the stamens, the stigma peltate. Fruit a berry, ovoid, conical
pointed, subtended by the persistent and accrescent sepals, 1- to 4- seeded,
pericarp semi-woody; seeds 1-4, angular, non-arillate, chestnut brown,
non-endospermic.
Flowering period: March-July
Fruiting period: August-December
Distribution: Commonly grows wild or planted throughout Myanmar up to 5000ft.
Parts used and uses: Anther -- Angina pectoris; Metrorrhagia; Cystitis; Leprosy; Herpes; Hypotension; Arthritis; Neuropathy; Leucorrhoes; To allay thirst; Haemorrhoids; Abortion; Head-ache; Deodorant; Indigestion; Antidote for poisons; Carminative; Biliousnes; Expectornat. Seed oil -- Arthritis; Aches; Chronic sores.
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