by Kyaw Soe and Tin Myo Ngwè, Forest Resource Environment Development and
Conservation Association (FREDA), Series 1, 2004, ISBN 974-91986-0-3
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UKT: Nagathein references are given to check the Burmese-Myanmar names. * shows where there is no agreement in Burmese name but when the plant is identifiable from botanical name.
{taung-ma.ro:} ; {lak-htoak} ; {taung-mè:oak}
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. 2-047
{hkän} Carissa carandas L. 1-274
{nwè~tha-ki} ; {ta.roat-nhing:hsi} Nerium odorum Soland. 2-171
{ta.roat-sa.ka:} Plumeria acutifolia Poir. 1-366
{Boam~ma.ra-za} ; {za.lat-hpru} Rauvolfia serpentina
L. Benth. 2-371
{hsè~.nha.ra-thi} ; {hpa.yaung:pan:}
Thevetia neriifolia Juss. 1-479
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KS-TMN 045
| Botanical name: Alstonia scholaris R. Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. 1, 76, 18811. Myanmar names: Taung-ma-yoe; Let-htoke; Taung-mare-oke English names: Devil's Tree; Ditta Bark Tree. Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 2-047: Photos: |
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Identifiaction characters:
An evergreen tree, the bases often buttressed; bark dark greyish brown with lenticels,
latex milky, copious. Leaves whorled, 4-7 per
node, simple; stipules intrapetiolar; petioles stout; laminae oblong or ogovate-oblong,
the bases cuneate, the margins entire, the tips obtuse, rounded or acute,
unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous, the upper dark green , coriaceous,
glaucous, the lower papillose, whitish. Inflorescences in terminal paniculate
cymes, densely flowered; bracts linear-oblong. Flowers bractolate, pedicellate,
bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-lobed,
urceolate. Corolla sunpetalous, 5-lobed, salverform, greenish white, the tube
cylindrical, broader above the base, narrow below the middle, inflated towards
region of anthers, the lobes with left margins overlapping, throat rim with
tufts of long white hairs. androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous below
the throat, the anthers dithecous, introrse, basifixed, dehiscence
longitudinal.Pistil 1, 2-carpelled, syncarpous and 2-loculed at the base, ovary
ovoid, splits into two unilocular and unilocular and unicarpellate ovaries, the
stigma placentation parietal in each ovary, disc absent, the styles 2, fused
into one just above the ovaries, the stigma clavate, 2-fid. Fruit follicles,
cylindrical; seeds elliptic-oblongoid, comose at both ends, endospermfleshy, scanty.
Flowering period:
October - November
Fruiting period: December - April
Distribution: Grows wild in moist regions, throughout Myanmar
Parts used and uses: Bark -- Astringent; Antiseptic; Febrifuge; Chronic amoebic dysentery; Chronic dysentery. Leaf -- Heals chronic sores. Latex -- Heals sores
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KS-TMN 046
| Botanical name: Carissa carandas L. Mant. 1.52. 1767. Myanmar name: Khan English name: Bengal currents Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 1-274: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
A large evergreen shrub; bark light grey, branchlets usually
with thin stout sharp spines. Leaves opposite, simple; exstipulate; petioles
short; laminae elliptic or broadly elliptic or abovater, the bases obtuse to
rounded, the margins entire, the tyips acute, often shortly mucronate,
unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous, glaucous, coriaceous.
Inflorescences in axillary corymbose cymes; bracts linear. Flowers ebracteolate,
pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous
5-partite, the lobes lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed,
salverform, the lobes oblong lanceolate, puvbescent, the tube cylindrical,
dilated at the throat, pubescent, white. Androecium polyandrous, apically
appendaged, basifixed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1,ovary
ellipsoid 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovules
2 in each locules 2 in each locule, the style filiform the stigma minutely
2-fid. Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, purplish black when ripe; seeds oblongoid,
concave endosperm fleshy.
Flowering and fruiting periods: October - January - June
Distribution: Grows wild and cultivated throughout Myanmar.
Parts used and uses: Root: -- Pruritis; Gonorrhoea: Pyrexia; Indigestion; Chronic ulcer. Unripe fruit -- Haematemesis; Appetizer; Mucolytic; To allay thirst. Ripe fruit -- Carminative; Expectorant; Biliousness; Haematemesis; Antidote for poisons ; Appetizer; Easily digested
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KS-TMN 049
| Botanical name: Nerium odorum Soland. in Hort. Kew. ed. 1,1 297.1798. Myanmar name: Nwe-tha-gee; Tayoke-hnin-si English names: Indian Oleander; Sweet scented Oleander Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 2-171: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
A large evergreem shrub; stems erectm glabrous, sap milky.
Leaves in whorls of three, simple; exstipulate; petioles very short; laminace
linear-lanceolate, the bases decurrent, tapering into the petiole, the margins
entire, the tips acuminate, unicostate, the midrib very stout, reticulate,
glabrous, coriaceous. Inflorescences in terminal cymes. Flowers fragrant,
bracteate, bracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous,
hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, the lobes lanceolate, narrow,
glandular within. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed, infundibuligorm, the tubes
cylindric, the throat campanulate with 5 broad fringed scalesm the lobes
orbicular, overlapping to the right, reddish rose or white, fragrant. Androecium
polyandrous, staments 5, epipetalous, the filaments short, inserted near the
mouth of the corolla tube, alternate with the corolla lobes, the anthers
dithecous, sagittate, adherent by viscid exudates to the stigma or clavuncle,
apically appendaged, the anther cells spurred, the spuyrs long, linear, as long
as the cells, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovaries 2,distinct, each ovary
1-carpelled, 1-loculed, the placentation parietal, the ovules straight; seeds
oblongoid, comose, endosperm fleshy, thin.
Flowering and Fruiting period: Throughout the year
Distribution: Naturalized and planted throughout Myanmar
Parts used and uses: Root -- Aphrodisiac; Gives energy; Very poisonous. Flower -- Analgesic for chronic pains and aches; Back-ache; Head-ache; Scabies; Aphrodisiac.
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KS-TMN 050
|
Botanical name: Plumeria acutifolia Poir. Encycl. Meth. Suppl. 11.
667. 1811 Myanmar names: Tayoke-saga English names: Franipani ; Jasmine tree ; Pagoda tree Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 1-366: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
A deciduous small tree; trunk crooked, bark rough, branches swollen, leafy at
the tips, latex milky, copious. Leaves spirally arranged, simple; exstipulate;
petioles long, stout; laminae oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, the bases
acute, the margins entire, the tips acute, unicostate, reticulate, glabrous.
Inflorescences 2-to 3-chotomous cymes, 2- 4-flowered, termina; bracts deciduous.
Flowers large and showy, bracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic,
pentamerous, perigynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-fid, the lobes obtuse. Corolla
synpetalous, 5-lobed, salverform, the tubes cylindrical, the lobes obovate,
contorted, over lapping to the left, the throat naked, the inner white with a
yellow centre, the outer tinged with pink, fragrant. Androecium polyandrous,
stamens 5, epipetalous, inserted near the base of the corolla tube, alternate
the lobes, the anthers dithecous, linear-oblongoid, free from the stigmatic
clavuncle, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovaries 2, distinct, half
inferior, each ovary 1-carpelled, 1-loculed, the placentation parietal, the
ovules numerous in each, the style 1, the stigma or clavuncle single, massive.
Fruit follicles, linear-oblongoid; seeds oblongoid, plano-convex, winged,
endosperm fleshy, thin.
Flowering period: Throughout the year
Fruiting period: Throughout the year
Distribution: Naturalized and planted throughout Myanmar
Parts used and uses: Shoot, bark, flower -- Leprosy; Pruritis; Heal boils and carbuncles; Analgesic; Febrifuge for prolong fevers; Inflammations; Ascites. Bark, leaf -- Abdominal tumours; Inflammations; Rheumatism; Skin diseases. Flower and shoot -- Malaria; Pruritis. Latex -- Very poisonous
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KS-TMN 053
| Botanical name: Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. For. Fl.Brit.
Burma, ii: 171. 1877. Myanmar names: Bonma-yaza; Zalat-hpyu. English names: Serpent wood; Serpentine. Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 2-371: Photos:
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Identification characters:
A small shrub or an undershrub; younger stems cylindrical,
rarely branched dichotomously, bark rarely lentrcellate. Leaves in whorls of 3,
rarely 2,simpla; exstipulate; petioles glabrous; laminae elliptic to
ovate-elliptic, the bases attenuate, the margins entire, the tips acute to
acuminate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous, membranous.
Inflorescences terminal or lateraGl cymes, the cymes many-flowered, the primary
peduncle 2- to 3- or 4-chotomously branched, the secondary peduncles bear
2-flowered cymules, the ultimate cymules 4- to 5-flowered, the peduncles red or
green; bracts subulate, red, decuduous. Flowers bracteolate, peidcellate, the
pedicels red or green, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx
synsepalous, 5-sect, campanulate, the lobes unequal, linear-lanceolate, reddish.
Corolla sunpetalous, 5-lobed, salverform, the tubes slender, obscurely decurved,
reddish pink, dilated slightly above the middle, the lobes elliptic-ovate,
white. Androecium polyandrous, staments 5, epipetalous, the filaments curved,
inserted, the anthers ovoid, dithercous, dorsifixed, dehiscence longitudinal.
Pistil 1, ovaries 2, ovoid, apocarpous becoming syncarpous, 2-carpelled,
2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovules drupe, deeply 2-lobed, syncarpous
at the base, obscurely bi-apiculate. Fruit a drupe, deeply 2-lobed, the style 1,
filiform, the stigma calyptriform at the base, obscurely bi-apiculate, Fruit a
1-seeded, green when young, purplish black when ripe; seeds ovoid, endosperm fleshy.
Flowering period: October - December
Fruiting period: November _ March
Distribution: Grows wild on low hills, ascending up to 1000 ft, throughout Myanmar.
Parts used and uses: Root: Cures hypertension; Hypnotic: Insanity; Infections; Gives energy; For longevity of life.
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KS-TMN 054
| Botanical name: Thevetia neriifolia Juss, ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2 II.680. 1841. Myanmar names: Set hnit-yathi; Hpayaung-pan. English names: Bastard Oleander; Exile Oleander; Yellow Oleander Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar name in Nagathein 1-479: Photos: |
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Identification characters:
An evergreen shrub or small tree; younger stems glabrous, sap milky. Leaves
alternate, spirally arranged, simple; exstipulate; sessile; laminae linear to
linear-lanceolate, the bases attenuate, the margins entire, the tips acute,
unicostate, reticulate, the upper surfaces bright green, glaucous.
Inflorescences terminal or supra-axillary scorpioid cymes, few-flowered; bracts
subulate, deciduous. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic,
pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-sect, the lobes ovate, imbricate,
persistent. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed, funnelform, the lower part of tube
cylindrical, campanulate above the lobes contorted, overlapping to the left in
bud, the tube appendaged at the throat of 5 scales, arching over the stamens,
yellow, white or pink. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous, inserted
at the base of the corolla throat, alternate the lobes, the anthers dithecous,
sagittate, incumbent on the stigmatic clavuncle, dehiscence longitudinal; disc
cupular, thick, accrescent in fruit. Pistil 1, ovaries 2, distinct, each ovary
1-carpelled, 1-loculed, the placentation parietal, ovules 2 in each, the style
1, slender, the stigma or clavuncle single, angular. Fruit a drupe,
broadly obovoid, epicarp fleshy, black when ripe; seeds 4, endospermic.
Flowering and fruiting periods: Throughout the year
Distribution: Commonly planted in the plains of Myanmar.
Parts used and uses: Root -- Skin disease; Ringworm. Leaf -- Arthritis; Pruritis. Flower -- Carminative; Haemorrhoids; Carbuncles; Pyrexia; Pruritis; Pruritis; Good for eyes
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