compiled by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL. Not for sale.
Family: Rubiacea 7 entries
Rubiaceae family - general characters
Cinchona ledgeriana
{kwi-neing}
Gardenia coronaria
{ring-hkat-ping}
Ixora coccinea
{poaN~Πa.raik}
Mitragyna parvifolia
{htaim-ping}
Morinda angustifolia
{rθ:yo (tau:)}
/
{ni-pa: hsι: ping}
Morinda citrifolia
{rθ:yo}
Randia dumetorum
{hsι:than°-pu.ra}
Morinda spp.
Randia spp.
Main Index of DB |
Top
Contents of this page
From: Families yielding important phytopharmaceuticals in Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, by Michael Heinrich, J. Barnes, S. Gibbons, and E. Williamson, October 2003, ISBN:0443071322, pp.320 -- www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/747.pdf
The family yields one of the most important stimulants, coffee (Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora Pierre ex Froehner) and one of the first and most important medicinal plants brought over from the New World, cinchona bark (see below).
Important medicinal plants from the family
Cinchona succirubra Weddell, C. calisaya Weddell and Cinchona spp. (cinchona, Peruvian bark), used as a bitter tonic, febrifuge and against malaria.
Morphological characteristics of the family
This family consists mostly of trees or shrubs, with some lianas (climbing
plants) and herbs. It has simple, entire and generally decussate leaves, which
are nearly always opposed and which usually have connate stipules (sometimes as
large as the leaves themselves, e.g. Gallium).
The usually bisexual and epigynous, insect-pollinated flowers have
four to five petals and four to five sepals, and five (or four) stamens and two
gynaecia. The type of fruit varies (berry, drupe capsule).
Distribution
This is a large cosmopolitan family with more than 10,000 species,
particularly prominent in the tropical and warmer regions of the world.
Chemical characteristics of the family
The family is known for a large diversity of classes of natural products,
including iridoids (a group of monoterpenoids), alkaloids (including indole
alkaloids such as quinine from Cinchona spp.), methylxanthines such as
caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, and anthranoids in some taxa (e.g. the
now obsolete medicinal plant Rubia tinctorum, which was withdrawn because
of its genotoxic effect).
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts:
Agri.Dept.2000 10-0238:
{kwi-neing}
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 1-201:
{kwi-neing}
UHM 14: Kwi-nine
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{kwi-neing} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 035
{kwi-neing} - n. quinine. -- Myan-Engl-Dict 046
Hindi:
Sanskrit:
Chklist data:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 10-0238: Quinine
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 1-202: Quinine
UHM 14: Cinchona Bark, Peruvian Bark, Red Cinchona
Picture:
Leader from Nagathein 1-201
Plant identification characters :
An evergreen tree attaining a height of 24 m and having a trunk diameter of up to 0.6 m. at the base, leaves elliptical, elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate and show lateral interpetiolar stipules, flowers pentamerous, tubular and cymose, fruits septicidally dehiscent capsules -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar :
Old plantation area in Leikpok 12 miles from Tenasserim -- UHM
Part used and uses:
Dried bark of the stem or of the root. Used as
bitter, tonic, anti-malarial and anti-pyretic, usually in the form of its
preparations of alkaloids. -- UHM
Constituents:
1. A number of alkaloids (about 6-7 %) -
Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine, Cinchonidine
2. Cinchotannic acid, quinic acid, cinchona red etc. (7)
The alkaloids occur in combination with organic acids. -- UHM
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts :
Agri.Dept.2000 51-1340:
{ring-hkat-kri:}
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 190: Yingat-gyi
Nagathein 3-155:
{ring-hkat-kri:}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{ring-hkat-kri:} --
--
TravPo-M-Dict 273
{ring-hkat-kri:}
-- NL in -- Myan-Engl-Dict
{ring-hkat ping} -- Myan-Ortho 226
Chklist data:
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 51-1340: NG
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 190: NG
Nagathein 3-155: NG
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader -- Nagathein
Photos: left - habit with flowers; right -- habit with fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters:
A deciduous unarmed tree; branches stout, woody, younger stems notched at the nodes, pubescent, buds resinous. Leaves opposite and decussate, simple; stipules interpetiolar; subsessile; laminae abovate, sometimes elliptic-obovate, the bases cuneate, the margins entire, the tips abruptly and shortly acuminate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrescent, glaucous. Inflorescences usually axillary cymes, sometimes terminal, solitary or 2-to3-flowered, frequently leaf-opposed or supra-axillary; bracts foliaceous. Flowers ebracteolate, subsessile, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, epigynous, large and showy, fragrant. Hypanthium tubiform, 5-or rarely 4-or 6-angled. Calyx synsepalous, tubular, obscurely and irregularly 5-toothed, acutely 5-angled, spathaceous, caducous. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed, rarely 4-or 6- lobed, salverform, twisted in bud, the tubes long, cylindrical, the lobes obliquely ovate, obtuse, about half the length of tube, pale to yellowish green. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, rarely 4 or 6, alternate the corolla lobes, epipetalous, attached at the mouth of corolla tube, subsessile, completely inserted, the anthers dithecous, linear-oblongoid, dorsifixed,dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovary ellipsoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 1-loculed above, 2-loculed below, the ovules numerous on the parietal placentae, the style long, thick, persistent, the stigma 2-lobed, clavate fusiform. Fruit a hard drupe, ellipsoid, 5-ribbed, the style persistent forming a beak, orange to reddish brown when ripe; seeds many, reniform, compressed, testa thin, endosperm horny. Flowering period: January - April. Fruiting period: February - August. -- KS-TMN
Distribution:
Grows wild throughout Myanmar up to 4000ft. or cultivated. -- KS-TMN
Parts used and uses:
Flower -- Pyrexia due to either biliary or chest infections or blood dyscrasia . Fruit -- Cough; Mucolytic -- KS-TMN
Family: Rubiaceae
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts:
Agri.Dept.2000 38-0995:
{poaN~Na.rait}
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 193: Pone-na-yeik
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{poaN~Πa.raik} -
-- TravPo-M-Dict- 192
{poaN~Πa.raik} - n. ixora, Ixora arborea. -- Myan-Engl-Dict 273
Chklist data:
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 38-995: Ixona; Hedge plant
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 193: Jungle Geranium
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Picture:
Leader :
www.plantoftheweek.org/image/ixora.jpg
Photos:
left - habit with flowers;
right - close up of fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
Shrubs, unarmed; younger stems cylindrical, glabrate. Leaves opposite and decussate, simple; stipules interpetiolar, ovate-caudate, deciduous; petioles obsolete; laminae obovate or elliptic-obovate, the bases cuneate, frequently cordate, the margins entire, the tips acute, mucronate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences terminal, rarely axillary, cymes dichasial, paniculate, the cymules 3-flowered, occasionally the ultimate cymules 2-or 5-flowered; bracts minute, triangular. Flowers bracteolate, sessile or with short pedicels, bisexual; actinomorphic, tetramerous, epigynous. Hypanthium cupuliform, glabrous. Calyx aposepalous, the sepals 4, ovate, reddish, glabrous. Corolla synpetalous, 4-lobed, tubular-rotate, the lobes 4, ovate, glabrous. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 4, exserted, the anthers dithecous, acicular, apiculate, dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovary 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovule 1 in each locule, the style filiform, the stigma 2-lobed, ellipsoid, exserted. Fruit a berry, globose, with persistent calyx, dark or blackish red; seeds oblongoid, plano-convex, endospermic. Flowering and fruiting period: Throughout the year -- KS-TMN
Distribution:
Grows wild or cultivated especially in Lower Myanmar -- KS-TMN
Parts used and uses:
Leaf -- Dismenorrhoea; Intestinal obstruction; Ascities; Laxative; Tooth-ache; Inflammation of gums; Analgesics for painful gums due to oropharyngeal ulcers. -- KS-TMN
Constituents:
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts:
Agri.Dept.2000 31-0802:
{htaim}
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 194: Htein, Hnaw-htein
Nagathein 2-065:
{htain-thι:}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{htaim} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict- 148
{htaim} -
n. large hardwood tree bearing winged fruit pods. Nauclea parviflora -
Myan-Engl-Dict 205
{htaim-ping} - Myan-ortho 119
Chklist data:
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 31-0802: NG
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 194: NG
Nagathein 2-065: NG
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader - Nagathein
Photos:
left - flowers and fruits;
right - tree.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A deciduous tree, shedding leaves in the hot season; stems quadrangular, the younger ones puberulent, the older glabrous with lenticels. Leaves opposite, decussate, simple, stipules interpetiolar, obovate, caducous; petioles short; laminae oblong-obovate or suborbicular, variable in size and shape, the bases rounded to obscurely truncate, the margins entire, the tips acute to acuminate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes axillary, in globose heads, solitary or in cymes of usually 3 heads, tomentose; bracts foliaceous, oblanceolate, deciduous. Flowers bracteolate, sessile, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, epigynous. Calyx synsepalous, tubular-truncate, glabrous, persistent. Corolla synpetalous, tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes lorate, the outer surfaces glabrous, the inner pubescent, greenish yellow. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous to the throat of corolla tube, the non-adherent filaments short, the anthers dithecous, narrowly ovoid, basifixed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovary ovoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the ovules numerous in each locule, pendulous, attached to the semi-cylindrical placentas, the style filiform, exserted, the stigma mitriform, disc absent. Fruits a capsule, with persistent calyx, ovoid, sulcate, glabrous; seeds numerous linear-obovoid, minute, winged all round, endosperm fleshy. Flowering period: October - November. Fruiting period: December - January -- KS-TMN
Distribution in Myanmar :
Grow wild throughout Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
Bark and root -- Pyrexia; Gastro-intestinal colic; Muscular pain. -- KS-TMN
Constituents :
UKT: Notice the small fruits and relatively large flowers in the photo given as M. angustifolia by http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/shoyaku/photo/Thai/020307Morinda.jpg . The leaves in the photo do not resemble those of
Furthermore, according to the Internet sources such as http://cmuj.chiangmai.ac.th/abs/2002/jan2002-5a.htm, which I have downloaded and given below, a red dye is obtained from M. angustifolia. See the downloaded Production of Red Pigment. Therefore, I am referring to M. angustifolia as
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts:
Agri.Dept.2000 50-1338:
{rθ-yo}
Chklist: Nibase-gyi, Yeyo
LSR 375:
{rθ-yo}
FAO : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 3-096:
{rθ-yo-thi:}
UHM : NL
UKT: Nagathein (3-096) mentions another species under a separate heading
He mentions{tau: rθ:yo} (literal meaning: "jungle {rθ:yo}") as the one known in traditional medicine as
{ni-pa.hsι:}.
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{ni-pa:} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict 163
{ni-pa: hsι:} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict 163
{ni-pa: thaim}-
- TravPo-M-Dict 163
None of above listed in Myan-Engl-Dict .
{rθ-yo} --
-
TravPo-M-Dict 270
{rθ-yo} -- n. species of morinda, Morinda angustifolia.
- Myan-Engl-Dict 400
Chklist data:
Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Wide. Common Names: Latloot, Nibase-gyi, Nlung, Yeyo
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 50-1338: Morinda
Chklist: NG
LSR 375: Morinda
FAO : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 3-096: NG
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader: Nagathein
Photo:
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/shoyaku/photo/Thai/020307Morinda.jpg -- M. angustifolia
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Constituents :
Production of Red Pigment from the Root of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. var. scabridula Craib. by Root Cell Culture
-- Paitoon Aobchey1, Supawadee Sriyam1, Worawit Praharnripoorab1, Sorasak Lhieochaiphant 2 and Suree Phutrakul1*,
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiangmai University, 50200, Thailand
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiangmai University, 50200, Thailand
*Corresponding author. E-mail: scchi007@chiangmai.ac.th
http://cmuj.chiangmai.ac.th/abs/2002/jan2002-5a.htm
-- downloaded by UKT:ABSTRACT
Antraquinone is a group of natural red dye found in the root of Morinda sp. which is available in the upper north of Thailand and has been widely used on cotton dyeing. Recently, interest in natural dyes has increased and there is a need to find suitable alternative sources of natural dyes. We have studied one alternative to increase the production of anthraquinone dye by root cell culture of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. var. scabridula Craib. The major components of the red pigment extracted from the root of this plant was purified and analyzed for the chemical structure and was found to be an anthraquinone pigment morindone. Uncontaminated root cells were obtained by growing the Morinda seed on Murashige and Skoog agar medium (MS).The roots were cut into 2.5 mm. pieces and grown in fresh MS medium to get callus. The callus fully proliferation on a modified Gamborgs B5 medium supplemented with 40 g/l succinic acid, 0.1 mg/l kinetin, 0.2 mg/l auxin and 20 g/l sucrose cultured in shake flask 100 rpm at 25° C for 3 months gave root cells only 0.14 g dry weight whereas the callus cultured on B5 agar at the same condition gave 1.22 g dry cells within one month. The cultivated callus contained red and yellow pigments. Extraction of the pigment from the cultured cells and separated by Thin Layer Chromatography with the same solvent system as what had been used to separate pigment in the plants root extract and gave two major components with Rf values comparable to the red pigment extracted from Morinda plants root. The production of anthraquinone dye from root cells cultured for 5 months was 1.4 times of the cells cultured for 3 months and could produce 0.6 times of the dye from the root of 2-3 years old plant.
Key words: Red pigment, Morinda sp. Extraction, Root cell culture
CMU. Journal (2002) Vol. 1(1) : 66-78
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts:
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: Nibase, Nyagyi
- UKT re-transliteration:
/
(note1)
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 197: Nipa-se; Yeyo
- UKT re-transliteration:
/
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{ni-pa:} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict 163
{ni-pa: hsι:} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict 163
{ni-pa: thaim}-
-
TravPo-M-Dict 163
None of above listed in Myan-Engl-Dict .
{rθ-yo} --
-
TravPo-M-Dict 270
{rθ-yo} -- n. species of morinda, Morinda angustifolia.-
Myan-Engl-Dict 400
Chklist data:
Morinda citrifolia L. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Cultivated. Common Names: Nibase, Nyagyi
Hindi:
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar:
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: NG
FAO : NL
LSR : NL
KS-TMN 197: Indian Mulberry
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
UKT: Nagathein listed two species of Morinda :
1. M. angustifolia as
{rθ:yo}-- Nagathein 3-097
2. M. tinctoria as
{ni-pa.hsι:} or
{tau:rθ:yo} -- Nagathein 2-141
Picture:
Leaders --
http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~jansen/morinda%20citrifolia.jpg
Photos: left -- habit with flowers; right -- habit with fruits. Click on
the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Photos: Fruit and section --
http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~jansen/morinda%20citrifolia.jpg
Plant identification characters:
A small tree; trunk straight, the barks smooth, the younger stems obtusely 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves opposite, simples stipules large, obovate or oblong, the tips rounded or acute; petioles short; lamiae broadly elliptic to obovate, the bases acute to cuneate, the margins entire, undulate, the tips acute, unicostate, reticulate, glabrous, green, the upper darker, glaucous. Inflorescences in dichisal cymes, condensed and aggregated into heads, borne on peduncles, the head ellipsoid, solitary, leaf opposed, at alternate node; bracts foliaceous. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, epifynous. Calyx synsepalous, the tube or hypanthium urceolate, adnate to the ovary, basaly adnate to the other tubes. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed, infundibuligorm, the lobes lanceolate, acute, glabrous, the throat pubescent, white. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous, the filaments short, hairy, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation axile-basal, the ovule solitary in each locule, the style 1, slender with 2 linear stigmatic branches. Fruit of many berries aggregated into a fleshy head, irregularly shaped, glaucous, pale green, whitish when ripe; seeds ovoid, testa membranous, endosperm fleshy. Flowering and fruiting periods: Throughout the year. -- KS-TMN
Distribution:
Commonly grows wild especially on banks of streams and rivers or planted. -- KS-TMN
Parts used and uses:
Diarrhoea; Amoebic dysentery; Regulates menstrual cycle: Antipyretic; Gains weight. Root-- Purgative. Leaf -- Arthritis; Infantile amoebic dysentery; Heals carbuncles; Neuritis; Pyrexia. Fruit young -- For the integrity of teeth and gums. Fruit Dried -- Analgesic for gum inflammation. Fruit -- Bleeding in sores. -- KS-TMN
Constituents:
alternate spelling: Randia dumentorum
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 21-0535:
{hsι:than°pu.ra}
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-474:
{hsι:than°pu.ra},
also known as
{tha.min-sa-hpru-thi:} -- Nagathein 3-380
UHM 41: Se-than-baya
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{hsι:than°pu.ra}, and
{tha.min-sa-hpru-thi:} are not listed in TravPo-M-Dict
Hindi :
{mingn hpθl} -- Nagathein 1-474:
{hsι:than°pu.ra}
(UKT: Compare {mingn hpθl} with Bengali and Hindi names- Mainphal,
Karhar
in Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarth,
India )
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 21-0535: Bushy garderia
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-474: NG
UHM 41: NG
Picture:
Leader:
{tha.min-sa-hpru-thi:} -- Nagathein 3-380
Photo: Catunaregam spinosa --
www.shop.sunshine-seeds.de
Plant identification characters :
A small tree or rigid shrub, spines often long and strong, horizontal, leaves 1-2 in., glabrous or harshly or softly pubescent on one or both surfaces, obtuse or subacute, narrowed into the short petiole, flowers 2-3 on a peduncle, subsessile, greenish yellow or white, berry olobose or ovoid 3/4 - 1 1/4 in. long, glabrous or pubescent, smooth or obscurely ribbed, yellow pericarp thick. -- UHM
The small tree Randia dumetorum now known as Catunaregam spinosa, flowers after the first rains like many other plants do. The plant is covered with white flowers turning yellow over a few days and it possibly attracts the maximum number of butterflies and daytime moth like the Clearwing hawk moth. The whole plant looks colourful with butterflies of different hues feeding on the flowers. When the pods develop, they are green turning to brown. The seeds have some medicinal properties and have also been used as fish poison. -- www.blackbuck.org/blackbuck/vol_12/article2.htm
Distribution of Myanmar:
Pegu, Martaban, Myitkyina. -- UHM
Part used and uses:
Fruits - Used as Emetic, fish poison, dysentery, anthelmintic, abortifacient, fevers. -- UHM
Uses elsewhere:
Randia dumetorum, Lam. India: fruit eaten. Vernacular name: Bombay Presidency, Surat district: Gengua. Ref. GAMMIE. -- Famine Foods
Constituents :
1. Neutral and acid saponin (active constituent). 2. Acid resin. (36) -- UHM
Oleanolic acid 3-/3-Glucoside (RDG-1) was isolated from the seeds of the plant Randia dumetornm (Rubiaceae). The compound showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the exudative and proliferative phases of inflammation in the doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg orally. Significant analgesia was observed only on thermal stimulus. It did not show any antipyretic activity against Brewers yeast induced pyrexia in rats. The approximate oral LD,o were found to be 3600 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg in mice and rats respectively. -- www.chiroonline.net/_fileCabinet/oleanolic.pdf
Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India, having less known traditional uses. XVIII. Mainphal (Randia dumetorum, family Rubiaceae) -- www.botanical.com/site/column_poudhia/173_mainphal.html
-- by Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights ReservedManiphal is a shrub or small tree found in monsoon and dry forests, in general. Its English name is Emetic nut. The leading pharmaceutical companies sell Mainphal based combination in name of Pancha Kashaya, used for causing emesis. In Chhattisgarh, very few traditional healers are aware of its medicinal properties and uses. In tribal belt of Chhattisgarh, it is used as fish poison. Through my ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I got information that the traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb is limited to very few healers. As these information are not available in documentation form, in present article, I am describing these uses. At first, I am giving information on its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literatures, Mainphal (Randia dumetorum syn. Gardenia spinosa, syn. Xeromphis spinosa syn. Randia spinosa syn. Gardenia dumetorum) is armed shrub or small tree, spines axillary. Leaves mostly fascicled on branchlets, obovate or oblanceolate, sub coriaceous, glabrescent or pubescent, stipules ovate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 fascicles, creamy white, fragrant. Calyx campanulate, Corolla covered with appressed silky hairs. Fruits globose, fleshy. Flowering time May-June and fruiting October-January. As medicine, bark and fruit are used commonly. According to Ayurveda, Mainphal is bitter, sweet, heating, aphrodisiac, emetic, antipyretic, carminative, alexiteric and cures abscesses, ulcers, inflammations, tumours, skin-diseases, piles etc. According to Unani system of medicine, Mainphal is bitter in taste, emetic, purgative, carminative and useful in chronic bronchitis, muscular pains, paralysis, inflammations, leprosy, boils, eruptions etc.
Common names of Mainphal in India:
(Languages - Region Names)
1. Assamese - Gurol, Behmona, Mona. 2. Bengali and Hindi - Mainphal, Karhar
3. Gujarati - Mindhal, Mindhola, Midhola. 4. Kanarese - Kare, Banegora, Mangari, Minkare
5. Khasia - Diengmakasing-Khlaw. 6. Kashmir - Kirkla, Kokoa
7. Malyalam - Kara. 8. Marathi - Ghela, Peralu, Mindhal, Wagatta, Gelphal
9. Oriya - Palova. 10. Sanskrit - Madana, Pinditak, Dharaphal
11. Tamil - Marukkalankay, Madkarai. 12. Telugu - Manga
13. English - Emetic nutTo induce vomiting, in order to clean the stomach, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the fruit rind of Mainphal. The rind is collected and dipped in water overnight. Next morning, the leachate is given internally to induce vomiting. After few seconds of intake, the vomiting starts. The natives are also aware of this use but they use it under supervision of the traditional healers. To flush out the intestinal worms, Mainphal is powered and given with Shahad (honey). The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use the fruit juice externally in hair care. According to them, its regular use makes the hair free from dandruff and lice. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region recommend it in treatment of breast related diseases. It is used externally. The fruits of Mainphal are edible. The natives of Chhattisgarh use this fruit with sugar, before sunrise, internally in treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine). In case of stomach ache as first aid remedy, the aqueous paste of bark is applied around the umbilicus. The traditional healer of Mudpar village use the dry fruit powder in treatment of liver related diseases. He prefers fresh fruit and in case of non-availability dry fruits are used. To treat gastric troubles, the healers of Rajnandgaon region, recommend dry fruit powder with fresh milk internally. The most of the above mentioned uses are of academic importance as other promising and effective alternatives are available, the traditional healers use above mentioned formulation less frequently. Mainphal is present in Chhattisgarh in abundance. This is really surprising that the natives and traditional healers are having very less traditional knowledge about this herb. Mainphal is not in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand. I am trying my best to gather more information of its medicinal uses through the ethnobotanical surveys.
Results of search for 'Morinda' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 7 Jun 2006.
Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Wide. Common Names: Latloot, Nibase-gyi, Nlung, Yeyo
Morinda citrifolia L. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Cultivated. Common Names: Nibase, Nyagyi
Morinda elliptica Ridl. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Shan,
Taninthayi. Common Names: Mai-yaw
Morinda exserta Roxb. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Mandalay.
Common Names: Nyaw
Morinda persicaefolia Buch.-Ham. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide.
Common Names: Nibase-gale
Morinda tetrandra Roxb. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Mon, Taninthayi
Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Mandalay, Mon.
Common Names: Nibase, Niyo
Morinda umbellata L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Mon, Taninthayi
Morinda wallichii Kurz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
UKT:
Note 1: Transcription of Burmese into English-Latin sometimes makes a Burmese word unintelligible to even to an English speaking ethnic Burmese. That is the main reason why I am using transliteration of Burmese-Myanmar to English-Latin. Moreover the ordinary ethnic Burmese often "mispronounce" their words, and though Myanmar script is a phonetic script, the locals pay very little attention to it. Their adage being {hpat-tau. a.than/ rι:tau. a.mhan } -- translated: "what is written is correct, how it is pronounced is just sound"). IPA might be an improvement on Myanmar script, but in face of the usual "mispronunciations", transcription in IPA might even compound the problem.
Keeping the above in mind, I can say that{ni-pa:hsι:} are the same.
However, it is to be noted that my transliterations given above are based on the Burmese pronunciation of{ni-ba:} in
It is also to be noted that the Burmese suffix referring to <child>, <small>, <junior>, <stunted> etc. is{ka.lι:} or
{thaim}, and therefore
{ni-pa.hsι: ka.lι:} are the same.
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
- TravPo-M-Dict 163
- TravPo-M-Dict 163
- TravPo-M-Dict 163
None of above listed in Myan-Engl-Dict .
USDA-NRCS
"MORIN","Morinda L.","morinda","Rubiaceae"
"MOCI3","Morinda citrifolia L.","Indian mulberry","Rubiaceae"
"MOTR","Morinda trimera Hbd.","noni kuahiwi","Rubiaceae"
"MOSA2","Morinda sandwicensis O. Deg.",">>Morinda trimera","Rubiaceae"
"MOUM","Morinda umbellata L.","redgal","Rubiaceae"
"MORO2","Morinda royoc hort.",">>Morinda umbellata","Rubiaceae"
Results of search for 'Randia' in the Checklist of Plants of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 7 Jun 2006.
Aidia parvifolia (King & Gamble) Wong. Cited as:
Randia densiflora var. parvifolia King & Gamble. Habit: Small
tree. Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Oxyceros longiflora (Lam.) T. Yamaz. Cited as: Randia longiflora
Lam. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Yangon. Common Names: Kywe-gyo
Randia angustissima Wall. Habit: Small tree Distribution: Chin.
Randia densiflora Benth. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Yangon
Randia dumetorum Lam. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Kachin,
Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Kaw, Magyi-bauk, Nam-nu, Nbalawi, Se-kyetsu,
Se-thanbaya, Sutayet, Thamin-sa
Randia exaltata Griff. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Taninthayi
Randia fasciculata DC. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Taninthayi
Randia griffithii Hook. f. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Sagaing
Randia hygrophyla Hook. f. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago
Randia klossii Ridl. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Taninthayi
Randia schoemannii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Bakh. f. Habit: Shrub.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Randia siamensis Craib. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Taninthayi
Randia tomentosa Blume. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago, Kayin, Mon,
Shan. Common Names: Magyi-bauk
Randia uliginosa DC. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Ayeyarwady,
Bago, Yangon. Common Names: Hman-phyu
Randia uranthera Fischer. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Shan, Taninthayi
Randia urathera Fischer. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Shan, Taninthayi
Tarennoidea wallichii (Hook. f.) D. Tirvengadum & Sastre. Cited as:
Randia wallichii Hook. f. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Chin,
Taninthayi. Common Names: Katmya
USDA-NRCS
"RACL","Randia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Chapman",">>Casasia
clusiifolia","Rubiaceae"
"RANDI","Randia L.","indigoberry","Rubiaceae"
"RAAC","Randia aculeata L.","white indigoberry","Rubiaceae"
"RAACM2","Randia aculeata L. var. mitis (L.) Griseb.",">>Randia
aculeata","Rubiaceae"
"RAMI4","Randia mitis L.",">>Randia aculeata","Rubiaceae"
"RAFO2","Randia formosa (Jacq.) K. Schum.","jasmin de rosa","Rubiaceae"
"MUFO2","Mussaenda formosa Jacq.",">>Randia formosa","Rubiaceae"
"RAPA4","Randia parvifolia Lam.","smallflower indigoberry","Rubiaceae"
"RAPO2","Randia portoricensis (Urban) Britt. & Standl.","Puerto Rico
indigoberry","Rubiaceae"
"RARH2","Randia rhagocarpa Standl.","crucillo","Rubiaceae"
Entry format: Botanical name / Family / Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts ( Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist: LSR : FAO : KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :/ Myanmar-Script Spelling (
Official Myanmar Dictionaries : - TravPo-M-Dict - Myan-Engl-Dict - Myan-Ortho
/ Chklist data / Hindi /
Sanskrit / English common name used in Myanmar / Picture /
Plant identification characters / Distribution in Myanmar / Part
used and uses / Constituents /
End of TIL file
