• Papaveraceae family - general characters
• Argemone mexicana • {hka.ra (koan:)}
• Papaver somniferum • {Bein:}
• Argemone spp.
compiled by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL. Not for sale.
Family: Papaveraceae 2 entries
• Papaveraceae family - general characters
• Argemone mexicana
• {hka.ra (koan:)}
• Papaver somniferum
• {Bein:}
• Argemone spp.
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From: Families yielding important phytopharmaceuticals in Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, by Michael Heinrich, J. Barnes, S. Gibbons, and E. Williamson, October 2003, ISBN:0443071322, pp.320 -- www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/747.pdf
This
rather small family has yielded a multitude of pharmaceutically or
toxicologically important genera (e.g. Chelidonium, Eschholzia,
Glaucium, Papaver) and natural products from two of its
representatives are particularly widely used.
Important medicinal plants from the family
• Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine), which yields the alkaloid
chelidonine, sometimes employed as a cholagogue.
• Papaver somniferum L. [(opium) poppy], which yields a multitude of
pharmacologically active alkaloids and is a well-known and dangerous narcotic.
Morphological characteristics of the family
(Fig. 4.11)
This family of (generally) herbs or sub-shrubs typically has spirally arranged
leaves which are entire or lobed or dissected. The generally large flowers are
bisexual, have an inferior gynaecium, a reduced number of sepals (two to
occasionally four), often four petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is a
capsule (e.g. Papaver somniferum, which is lanced to obtain opium), with
valves or pores for seed dispersal.
Distribution
This small family with about 200 species is mostly confined to the northern
temperate regions of the world.
Chemical characteristics of the family
The laticifers (or latex vessels) are rich in isoquinoline alkaloids,
including morphine (Fig. 4.12), papaverine, codeine, thebaine and noscapine.
Some of these alkaloids are typical benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (papaverine,
noscapine); others are chemically modified and have two additional ring systems
(morphinane-type skeleton).
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
• Agri.Dept.2000 11-0275:
{hka.ra (koan:)}
• Chklist: Khaya
• LSR : NL
• FAO : NL
• KS-TMN 181 : Kha-yar, Kone-kha-yar
• Nagathein 1-239:
{hka.ra (koan:)}
• UHM : NL
Nagathein also listed another as
{hka.ra (ré)}, Acanthus ilicifolius fam: Acanthaceae.
Myanmar-Script Spelling
•
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{hka.ra}-
-- TravPo-M-Dict 040
{hka.ra}- n. prickly poppy, Agemone mexicana -- Myan-Engl-Dict 052
Chklist data:
• Argemone mexicana L. Habit: Herb. Distribution: Kachin,
Mandalay, Sagaing. Common Names: Khaya, Mexican prickly poppy
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
• Agri.Dept.2000 11-0275:
{hka.ra (koan:)}
• Chklist: Khaya
• LSR : NL
• FAO : NL
• KS-TMN 181 : Mexican Poppy, Prickly Poppy, Yellow Mexican Poppy
• Nagathein 1-239: Prickly poppy
• UHM : NL
Picture :
• Leader from Nagathein
• Photo: left - flowers and fruits; right -- habit with flowers and fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
• An annual herb, erect and prickly, latex yellow. Leaves alternate, simple; exstipulate; sessile; laminae oblong, pinnati-partite, the bases amplexicaul, the margins spinoso-dentate, sinuate, the tips spinescent, the surfaces spinulose on the veins. Inflorescences solitary cymose, terminal on short leafy branches. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, trimerous, hypogynous. Calyx aposepalous, sepals 3, ovate, prickly. Corolla apopetalous, petals 6, in 2 whorls, ovate or elliptic, yellow. Androecium polyandrous, stamens numerous, in many whorls, the filaments filiform, inserted, the anthers dithecous, basifixed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovary ellipsoid, 5-carpelled, syncarpous, 1-loculed, the placentation parietal, the ovules numerous on each parietal placentae, the style very short, the stigma 5-lobed. Fruit a capsule, ellipsoid, prickly, dehiscing at the top by short valves; seeds many, globose, endosperm copious. Flowering period: April-June. Fruiting period : June-September -- KS-TMN
Distribution in Myanmar :
• Naturalized throughout Myanmar up to 4000ft. Grows in open waste land and a long roadsides. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
• Expectorant; Biliousness; Infections; Pruritis; Antidote for poisons; Gastric distention; Haematemesis; Leprosy; Dyuria; Lithiasis; Oedema. Seed oil -- Colic; Chest pain; Asthma; Jaundice -- KS-TMN
Constituents /
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
• Agri.Dept.2000 42-1119:
{Bein:}
• Chklist:
• LSR : NL
• FAO : NL
• KS-TMN : NL
• Nagathein 2-358:
{Bein:}
• UHM 36: Bein
Myanmar-Script Spelling
•
Official Myanmar Dictionaries:
{Bein:} -
-- TravPo-M-Dict 225
{Bein:}
- n. 1. opium. 2. opium poppy. Papaver somniferum .
- Myan-Engl-Dict 327
Chklist data:
Hindi:
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar:
• Agri.Dept.2000 42-1119: Opium poppy
• FAO : NL
• Lè-seik-shin : NL
• KS-TMN : NL
• Nagathein 2-358: NG
• UHM 36: The White Opium Poppy, Succus Thebaicus, Gum Opium,
Thaicum, Meconium -- UHM
Picture :
• Leader - Nagathein
Plant identification characters :
• An annual herb with thick branching, yellow root systems, the tap root of which gives rise to a smooth, glaucous branched stem bearing alternate, dull-green, ovate clasping leaves that are irregularly toothed, buds nodding, flowers large, white, purple or scarlet, capsule 1 in. diameter, stalked, dehiscing by terminal pores. -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar:
• Cultivated in the Northern & Southern Shan States, Shwe Minbon 10 miles from Kalaw. -- UHM
Part used and uses :
• The air-dried milky exudation (latex) obtained by incising the unripe fruit (capsules). Used as Opium and morphine:-somnifacient, analgesic, calminative. Codeine: -sedative in coughs, relief of acute colds. Papaverine:-- to relax spasm of smooth muscles. -- UHM
Constituents :
• 1. Alkaloids: Morphine, codeine, narcotine, narceine, papaverine, thebaine, protopine laudanine, codamine-cryptopine, gnoscopie lanthopine, Laudanidine, deutreopine meconine, meconidine, pseudomorphine etc. (7) -- UHM
Results of search for 'Argemone' in the Checklist of Plants
of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 4 Aug 2006.
• Argemone mexicana L. Habit: Herb. Distribution: Kachin,
Mandalay, Sagaing. Common Names: Khaya, Mexican prickly poppy
USDA-NRCS
"ARGEM","Argemone L.","pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARAE","Argemone aenea G.B. Ownbey","golden pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARAL3","Argemone albiflora Hornem.","bluestem pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARALA2","Argemone albiflora Hornem. ssp. albiflora","bluestem
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARAL9","Argemone alba Lestib. f.",">>Argemone albiflora ssp.
albiflora","Papaveraceae"
"ARALT","Argemone albiflora Hornem. ssp. texana G.B. Ownbey","bluestem
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARALT4","Argemone albiflora Hornem. var. texana (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
albiflora ssp. texana","Papaveraceae"
"ARAR4","Argemone arizonica G.B. Ownbey","Arizona pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARAU2","Argemone aurantiaca G.B. Ownbey","Texas pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARCH2","Argemone chisosensis G.B. Ownbey","Chisos Mountain
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARCO6","Argemone corymbosa Greene","Mojave pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARCOA","Argemone corymbosa Greene ssp. arenicola G.B. Ownbey","Mojave
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARCOA2","Argemone corymbosa Greene var. arenicola (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
corymbosa ssp. arenicola","Papaveraceae"
"ARCOC6","Argemone corymbosa Greene ssp. corymbosa","Mojave
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARGL10","Argemone glauca (Nutt. ex Prain) Pope","smooth
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARGLD","Argemone glauca (Nutt. ex Prain) Pope var. decipiens G.B.
Ownbey","smooth pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARGLG5","Argemone glauca (Nutt. ex Prain) Pope var. glauca","smooth
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARGLI","Argemone glauca (Nutt. ex Prain) Pope var. inermis O.& I. Deg.",">>Argemone
glauca var. glauca","Papaveraceae"
"ARGR3","Argemone gracilenta Greene","Sonoran pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARHI4","Argemone hispida Gray","rough pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARBI8","Argemone bipinnatifida Greene",">>Argemone hispida","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLH3","Argemone platyceras Link & Otto var. hispida (Gray) Prain",">>Argemone
hispida","Papaveraceae"
"ARME4","Argemone mexicana L.","Mexican pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARLE4","Argemone leiocarpa Greene",">>Argemone mexicana","Papaveraceae"
"ARMU","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg.","flatbud pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUA","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. ssp. argentea G.B. Ownbey","flatbud
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUA2","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. var. argentea (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
munita ssp. argentea","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUM","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. ssp. munita","flatbud
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUR2","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. ssp. robusta G.B. Ownbey","flatbud
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUR3","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. var. robusta (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
munita ssp. robusta","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUR","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. ssp. rotundata (Rydb.) G.B.
Ownbey","flatbud pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARMUR4","Argemone munita Dur. & Hilg. var. rotundata (Rydb.) Shinners",">>Argemone
munita ssp. rotundata","Papaveraceae"
"ARRO5","Argemone rotundata Rydb.",">>Argemone munita ssp.
rotundata","Papaveraceae"
"AROC2","Argemone ochroleuca Sweet","pale Mexican pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARMEO","Argemone mexicana L. var. ochroleuca (Sweet) Lindl.",">>Argemone
ochroleuca","Papaveraceae"
"AROCS","Argemone ochroleuca Sweet var. stenophylla (Prain) Shinners",">>Argemone
ochroleuca","Papaveraceae"
"ARPL3","Argemone pleiacantha Greene","southwestern pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLA","Argemone pleiacantha Greene ssp. ambigua G.B. Ownbey","southwestern
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLA2","Argemone pleiacantha Greene var. ambigua (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
pleiacantha ssp. ambigua","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLP","Argemone pleiacantha Greene ssp. pinnatisecta G.B.
Ownbey","southwestern pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLP4","Argemone pleiacantha Greene var. pinnatisecta (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLP3","Argemone pleiacantha Greene ssp. pleiacantha","southwestern
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARPO2","Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey","crested
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARIN7","Argemone intermedia auct. non Sweet [misapplied]",">>Argemone
polyanthemos","Papaveraceae"
"ARINP2","Argemone intermedia Sweet var. polyanthemos Fedde",">>Argemone
polyanthemos","Papaveraceae"
"ARPL2","Argemone platyceras auct. non Link & Otto [misapplied]",">>Argemone
polyanthemos","Papaveraceae"
"ARSA4","Argemone sanguinea Greene","red pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARPLR","Argemone platyceras Link & Otto var. rosea Coult.",">>Argemone
sanguinea","Papaveraceae"
"ARSQ","Argemone squarrosa Greene","hedgehog pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARSQG","Argemone squarrosa Greene ssp. glabrata G.B. Ownbey","hedgehog
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
"ARSQG2","Argemone squarrosa Greene var. glabrata (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners",">>Argemone
squarrosa ssp. glabrata","Papaveraceae"
"ARSQS","Argemone squarrosa Greene ssp. squarrosa","hedgehog
pricklypoppy","Papaveraceae"
Entry format: Botanical name / Family / Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts • Agri.Dept.2000 :
• Chklist: • LSR : • FAO : • KS-TMN:
• Nagathein :
• UHM :/ Myanmar-Script Spelling (
• Official Myanmar Dictionaries : - TravPo-M-Dict - Myan-Engl-Dict -
Myan-Ortho / Chklist data / Hindi /
Sanskrit / English common name used in Myanmar /
Picture / Plant identification characters /
Distribution in Myanmar / Part used and uses /
Constituents /
End of TIL file