compiled by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL. Not for sale.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
10 entries
Baccaurea sapida
{ka.na.so:}
Croton oblongifolius
{thak-ring:-kri:}
Croton tiglium
{ka.na.hko}
Emblica officinalis {hsi:hpru}
; {thhya:hpru}
Euphorbia hirta {kywθ:kyaung:ming-sι:}
Jatropha curcas
{krak-hsu (siΡ:ro:)}
Jatropha multifida {sι:ma.hkam:}
Mallotus philippinensis
{tau:thi-ting:}
Phyllanthus emblica {hsi:hpru}
; {sha:hpru}
Ricinus communis
{krak-hsu}
Croton spp.
Emblica spp.
Phyllanthus spp.
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syn. B. ramiflor ; B. cauliflora ; B. wrayi
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 02-0033:
{ka.na.so:}
FAO 77: kanazo
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein: NL in vol. 1. Listed as
{Boan°za-thi:} in 2-385
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries:
{ka.na.so:}
-
--
TravPo-M-Dict 003
{ka.na.so:}
- kind of tree bearing edible fruits in bunches,
Baccaurea sapida
-- Myan-Engl-Dict 003
UKT: TravPo-M-Dict did not list
{Boan°za-thi:} or its modern equivalent
{boan°za-thi:}.
Internet links:
--
www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/004/ab777e/ab777e04.htm
www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/b/bu/burmese_grape.htm
Hindi:
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 : Burmese grape
FAO 77: kanazo
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 2-385: Burmese grape
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader from:
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/fletcher/tree.html
This tree is Baccaurea ramiflora showing a good example of cauliflory
(fruit growing directly off the main trunk). from Kon Kai Kinh Reserve, Gia Lai
Province. © Fletcher and Baylis, 1995
Photo: rruits
-- www.skn.ac.th/skl/project/gar76/o11.gif
Plant identification characters :
The tree can grow up to 25 m tall. The leaf is simple, alternately arranged, with petiole. It is ovate to ovate-lanceolate in shape and 10-20 Χ 4-9 cm in size. The petiole is 1-8 cm long with lanceolated and fimbriated stipules. Tomentose inflorescences appear on branches and on the trunk. The male racemes are 3-8 cm long; flowers are fascicled on very short rachises with 4-5 sepals, and 4-8 stamens. The female racemes are 14 cm long and are borne lower on the trunk. Female flowers are solitary, with 4-5 sepals, 3-locular ovary and 2-lobed stigmas. The fruits are glabrous and 2.5-3.0 cm in diameter. The fruits can be of various colours from yellowish, pinkish to bright red (Figure 1). In Thailand the fruits are harvested in June-July. -- www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/004/ab777e/ab777e04.htm
Found all over Asia, most commonly cultivated in India and Malaysia. Slow
growing. Grows in humid evergreen forest, and disturbed margins, near streams,
on wide range of soils, such as sandstone and limestone bedrock.
Rami/cauliflorous evergreen tree to 25 m, with spreading crown, DBH
to 50 cm, with thin bark. Leaves, alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 10-20 cm by 4-9
cm, young leaves reddish, brown pubescent. The petiole is 1-8 cm long with
lanceolated and fimbriated stipules. Inflorescence on old branches or on trunk,
red-pink tomentose; male racemes 3-8 cm long, pale yellow; female racemes 14 cm
long and born lower on the trunk, yellow, fragrant. Fruit, ovoid, yellowish,
pinkish to bright red or purple, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, glabrous, with 2-4
large purple-red seed, with white aril. --
www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/b/bu/burmese_grape.htm
Distribution in Myanmar :
This fruit tree belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, the same as rambai and lang-khae. It is native to the Southeast Asian region and found growing wild as well as under cultivation in Nepal, India, Myanmar, South China, Indo-China, Thailand, the Andaman Islands, and Peninsular Malaysia. -- www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/004/ab777e/ab777e04.htm
Part used and uses :
B. rammiflora Lour. (Mafai in Thai) fruits are used as a refreshing
nibble or as table fruit. As with other related fruits in this genus, to consume
the fruit one is advised to break the fruit open with the fingers and/or peel
the skin. The pulp is then eaten directly and usually the seeds are also
swallowed. Mafai is regarded as a minor fruit in Thailand. It has little chance
of being developed to the commercial level. At present, it is cultivated in the
home garden and intercropped with other tropical fruits like durian, rambutan,
and mango. Unless there is more market demand for this fruit, little attention
on research and development in production technology of mafai will be seen. --
www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/004/ab777e/ab777e04.htm
Fruits are sweet to sour, also used in stews or to make wine. Eating to many
fruit gives an upset stomach. Fruits also medicinally used for skin diseases.
Bark, root and wood is also medicinal.
www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/b/bu/burmese_grape.htm
Ethnobotany (Worldwide use) :
Constituents :
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 59-1579 :
{thak-ring:-kri:}
Chklist: Thetyin-gyi
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 093 : Thetyin-gyi
Nagathein 3-436:
{thak-ring:-kri:}
UHM 18: Thet-yin-gyi
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries:
{thak-ring:kri:} --
-- TravPo-M-Dict 331
{thak-ring:kri:} - n. small tree the root, bark, leaves and seeds of which are used
medicinally, Croton oblongifolius.-- Myan-Engl-Dict 509
Chklist data:
Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide.
Common Names: Thetyin-gyi
Hindi :
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 59-1579 : NG}
Chklist: NG
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 093 : not given
Nagathein 3-436: not given
UHM : not given
Picture :
Leader from Nagathein 3-436
Photos: left - habit with flowers, right -- fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A middle sized tree, deciduous; bark brownish, branches lepidote while young. Leaves alternate, crowded towards the ends of the branchlets, simple; stipules deciduous; petioles cylindrical, lepidote; laminae elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the bases acute or obtuse, the margins serrate, the tips acute to acuminate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrescent, the upper dark green. Inflorescences in terminal paniculate cymes, the cymules fascicled at the axils of minute bracts, monoecious, the staminate flowers at the upper portion, more numerous than the pistillates, the pistillates at the lower; peduncles erect, lepidote; bracts lanceolate to ovat. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, unisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Staminate flowers: Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, lepidote, persistent. Corolla apopetalous, the petals 5, ovate, villous within, glabrous without, pale yellowish green. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 12, inserted on a villous receptacle, the filaments long, slender, inflexed in bud, more hairy at the bases, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid, adnate, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, the lobes broadly ellitptic, lepidote, persistent. Corolla obsolete. Androecium nil. Pistil 1, ovary oblongoid, glabrous, 3-carpelled, syncarpous, 3-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovule one in each locule, the styles 3, the stigmas 2-fid for more than half the length. Fruit a regma of three, 2-valved 1-seeded cocci, globose, 3-lobed, depressed at the top, with persistent calyx, pale greenm lepidote; seeds 3, oblongoid, pale green, smooth, caruncle small, endosperm copious, fleshy. Flowering period: December--February. Fruiting period: June--April -- KS-TMN
A small deciduous tree, branches rather stout, leaves oblong, elliptic-oblong or ovate or lanceolate acute more or less repand, toothed or serrate penninerved, very pale green when dry, nerves 12-26 pairs, racemes often fascicled, erect, pedicels long or short -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar:
Grows wild, more common in lower Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Tenasserim -- UHM
Part used and uses:
Root bark, leaves and seeds. Root bark -- Pneumonitis; Hepatitis; Hepatomegaly; Arthritis. Bark --Oedema; Hepatitis; Hepatomegaly; Best antidote for snake bite; Pyexia. Seeds -- Diarrhoea; Oedema; Very useful for inflammations either taken orally or as an external application -- KS-TMN
Roots, bark and seeds. Purgative, liver diseases, high blood pressure. -- UHM
Constituents :
1. Seeds contain a fatty oil similar to Cronton tiglium (19) -- UHM
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 02-0030:
{ka.na.hko}
Chklist: Kanakho
LSR 007 :
{ka.na.hko}
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 094: Kana-kho
Nagathein 1-045:
{ka.na.hko}
UHM 18: Kanako, Wet-tha-wa-raw (Mon)
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries:
{ka.na.hko}
-
-- TravPo-M-Dict 003
{ka.na.hko}
- purgative croton, Croton tiglium -- Myan-Engl-Dict 003
Chklist data:
Croton tiglium L. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Cultivated.
Common Names: Kanakho, Mai-hkang
Hindi: {ka.na.ka}
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar:
Agri.Dept.2000 : Purgative Croton
Chklist: NG
LSR : Purging Croton
FAO : NL
KS-TMN : Purging Croton
Nagathein : Purging Croton
UHM : Purging Croton
Picture:
Leader from Nagathein 1-045
Photos: left -- habit, right -- habit with flowers & fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters:
A small tree, evergreen; bark smooth, the younger stems stellate puberulent. Leaves alternate, simple; stipulate; petioles long; laminae ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, the bases obtuse to rounded, the margins serrate, the tips acute to acuminate, 3-costate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences in terminal racemes, bearing unisexual flowers; monoecious; bracts subulate. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, unisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Staminate flower: Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, the tips bearded, glabrescent, persistent. Corolla apopetalous, the petals 5, linear, as long as the calyx., the margins pubescent, white. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 15, inserted on a villous receptacle, disc glands 5, small, opposite the calyx lobes, the anthers dithecous, adnate, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistillode absent. Pistillate flower: Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, the tips bearded, stellate puberulent, villous at the base within, persistent. Corolla absent; disc obscure, annular. Pistil 1, ovary ellipsoid, stellately hispid, 3-lobed, 3-carpelled, syncarpous, 3-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovule one in each locule, the styles 3, the stigmas 2-fid. Fruit a schizocarp capsule of three 1 - seeded cocci, elliptic-oblongoid, 3-lobed, hispid; seeds oblongoid, 3-lobed, hispid; seeds oblongoid, obtusely trigonous, carunculate ,endosperm copious, fleshy. Flowering period: July - September. Fruiting period: August - November -- KS-TMN
An small evergreen tree about 15-20 feet producing capsules similar to those of castor, but devoid of spines, leaves 2-4 in. yellowish when dry, rarely elliptic or oblong, sometimes glandular beneath, nerves 2-3 pairs above the basal long-petioled flowers in racemes, small, stamens 15-20 ovary stellately hispid -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar:
Grows wild in Myanmar. Planted. -- KS-TMN
Shan States, Pyinmana, wild sources in Upper Burma, moderately abundant in Tenasserim -- UHM
Part used and uses:
Seed: Ascites; Febrifuge; Leprosy; As an antidote for scorpion stings -- KS-TMN
Seeds as drastic purgative -- UHM
Constituents:
1. The kernel contains about 50 % of fixed oil. 2. Very albuminous substance Croton, a mixture of croton albumin and croton globulin and comparable to Ricin. 3. Croton oil is composed of the glycerides of the following acids: stearic, palmatic, myristic, lauric, oleic, tiglic, acetic, butyric, formic and valeric. -- UHM
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts :
Agri.Dept.2000 20-0502:
{hsi:hpru} Emblica officinalis
Chklist: Shabyu, Zibyu
LSR 165:
{hsi:hpru} Emblica officinalis , Phyllanthus emblica
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 098: Zibyu; Shabyu Phyllanthus emblica
Nagathein 1-425:
{hsi:hpru} Emblica myrobalan ,
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling:
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{hsi:hpru} -
-- TravPo-M-Dict 100
{hsi:hpru} - n. Eastern gooseberry; emblic myrobalan, Emblica
officinalis.-- Myan-Engl-Dict 132
{thhya:hpru} -
- TravPo-M-Dict 342
{thhya:hpru} - n. same as
{hsi:hpru} -- Myan-Engl-Dict 527
Chklist data:
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Habit: Tree.
Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Chay-ahkya, Htakyu, Ku-hlu, Mai-hkam, Set-kalwe,
Set-thalwe, Shabyu, Tasha, Taya, Zibyu
Indian Name : Indian Gooseberry (Amla)
Botanical Name :Emblica officinalis, Euphorbiaceae
Other Names : Indian Gooseberry, Emblic myrobalan, Amla, Amalaki
-- http://emblica-officinalis.101herbs.com/
English common name used in Myanmar:
Agri.Dept.2000 20-0502: Emblic Myrobala
Chklist: NK
LSR 165: Emblic Myrobalan; Indian Gooseberry
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 098: Emblic Myrobalan tree; Easten Goose-berry
Nagathein 1-425: NL
UHM : NL
Picture:
Leader from
http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/05/10/0742.jpg
Photos:
left -- habit with flowers;
right -- habit with fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters:
A middle sized tree, deciduous; trunks crooked, branches slender, spreading, bark greenish gray, younger stems pubescent. Leaves alternate distichous, closely and symmetrically set along the branch lets, appear like the leaflets of a pinnate leaf, simple; stipules ovate, scarious; subsessile; laminae linear-oblong or narrowly linear, the bases obtuse, the margins entire, the tips acute, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences axillary cymes, densely fasicled along the leaf bearing branchlets, often on the naked portion below the leaves; bracts fimbriate. Flowers ebracteolate, the staminates pedicellate, the pistillates subsessile, unisexual, monoecious, actinomorphic, trimerous, hypogynous. Staminate flowers numerous; calyx aposepalous, the sepals 6, oblong, obtuse, 2-seriate, greenish yellow. Androecium monadelphous, stamens 3, the staminal column short, central, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid, extrorse, dehiscence longitudinal; intrastaminal disc obsolete; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers few: calyx as in the staminates. Petals absent; intrastaminal disc a lacerate cup. Pistil 1, ovary globose, 3-carpelled, syncarpous, 3-locuted the placentation axile, the ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous, micropyle carunculate, the styles 3, basally connate, each 2-fid, the arms recurved, the stigmas 6, very large filiform branches. Fruit fleshy with 3-bony 2-valved cocci, indehiscent, depressed globose, obscurely 6-lobed; seeds 3-gonous, endosperm fleshy. Flowering period: November - December. Fruiting period: January - July. -- KS-TMN
Distribution in Myanmar :
Common in mixed deciduous forests up to 4,000ft. Also cultivated.
Parts used and uses:
Fruit-- Dysuria; Polyuria; Constipation; Dysentery; Hiccough. Seed: Blennorrhoea -- KS-TMN
Emblica officinalis is effective in the treatment of amlapitta [peptic ulcer]and
in dyspepsia. The fruits exhibit hypolipiadaemic and antiatherosclerotic effects
in rabbits & rats. The fruit extract has antimutagenic activity on certain
directly acting mutagens in some strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The extract
of amla also has antimicrobial properties. Amlaki is an antioxidant with free
radical scavenging properties which may be due to the presence of high levels of
super oxide dismutase.
Indian Gooseberry or Amla is used for all Pitta diseases, all obstinate
urinary conditions, anemia, biliousness, bleeding, colitis, constipation,
convalescence from fever, cough, diabetes, gastritis, gout, hepatitis,
hemorrhoids, liver weakness, to relieve stress ,osteoporosis, palpitation,
spleen weakness, tissue deficiency, vertigo rebuilds blood, bones, cells, and
tissues. It increases red blood cell count and regulates blood sugar; heart
tonic, cleanses mouth, stops gum bleeding, stops stomach and colon inflammation;
cleanses intestines, strengthens teeth, aids eyesight, worms, acidity, eye and
lung inflammations, ulcerations, G.I. disorders, painful urination, and internal
bleeding. --
http://emblica-officinalis.101herbs.com/
UKT: The following is a bit of interesting information www.lagosforum.com/interv.php?NR=326 on an African plant belonging to the same genus as {zi:phru-thi:}
"Phytochemical analysis of Phyllanthus amarus by pharmacognosists at the Pharmacognosy Laboratory College of Medicine University of Lagos (CMUL), Idi-Araba, shows that the whole plant is very bitter due to the presence of a group of substances such as alkaloid, sesquiterpene, essential oils, phyllanthine. These substances, according to the Senior Laboratory Attendant, Mr. Isaac Adeleke, are generally referred to as having bitter principle.
"Ihesie told The Guardian that local clinical trials of Phyllanthus amarus in ElizKaf Herbal Home shows that it possesses a very active blood cleansing property, increases the elimination of waste from the blood and the body through the kidneys, lungs, skin and liver. The blood purifying effects of Phyllanthus amarus, he said is enhanced by mixing equal quantity of it with chickweed (Stellaria media). This mixture according to Ihesie, when used as an infusion could help those suffering from weight related arthritis or rheumatism.
"Ihesie continued: "Phyllanthus is one bitter tonic herb, which helps in promoting the function of the liver. It is one of the herbs recommended in most liver disorder especially, in acute phases of viral hepatitis jaundice. Even after recovery from the disease, it is often taken orally for a long period in order to help prevent the degenerative changes that might later occur in the liver due to the viral infection. Such changes include the cirrhosis of the liver or the cancer of the liver. "
Constituents :
Amla is one of the most celebrated herbs in the Indian traditional medicine
system, Ayurveda. Amla's traditional uses include as a laxative, eye wash,
appetite stimulant, restorative tonic, and to treat anorexia, indigestion,
diarrhea, anemia, and jaundice. Amla is becoming increasingly well known for its
unusually high levels of Vitamin C, which is resistant to storage and heat
damage due to cooking.
Amla is highly nutritious and is an important dietary source of Vitamin C,
minerals and amino acids. The edible fruit tissue contains protein concentration
3-fold and ascorbic acid concentration 160-fold compared to that of the apple.
The fruit also contains considerably higher concentration of most minerals and
amino acids than apples. Glutamic acid, proline, aspartic acid, alanine, and
lysine are 29.6%, 14.6%, 8.1%, 5.4% and 5.3% respectively of the total amino
acids. The pulpy portion of fruit, dried and freed from the nuts contains:
gallic acid 1.32%, tannin, sugar 36.10%; gum 13.75%; albumin 13.08%; crude
cellulose 17.08%; mineral matter 4.12% and moisture 3.83%. Amla fruit ash
contains chromium, 2.5 ppm; zinc 4 ppm; and copper, 3 ppm.
Key Active Constituents: Emblicanin A&B, Puniglucanin, Pedunculagin, 2-keto-gluconolactone (Vitamin-C
equivalents). Ellagic acid, Hexahydroxy-diphenic acid and conjugates.
--
http://emblica-officinalis.101herbs.com/
The following references are given by -- http://emblica-officinalis.101herbs.com/ in support of the material given above:
CAS, IP, Ayurveda book etc.
1. Chem Abstr, 1992 [116- 19982, 127273]; 1993 [119-103470]; 1989[110-73906];
Vohora, Indian Drugs, [1989-26(10), 526]; Janjua, Hamdard, 1991 [34(2)-104];
Yaqeenudin et. al., Pakist J Sci Ind Res, 1990 [33-268].
2. Roy, A.K. et. al., Int. J.of Pharmacog., 1991, v. 29(2), 117-126.
3. Mand, J.K. et. al., J. Res. Edu. in Ind.Med., 1991, v., 10(2), 1-7.
4. Ghosh, A. et. al., Int. J. of Pharmacog., 1993, v. 31(2), 116-120.
5. Mathur, R. et. al., J. of Ethnopharmacol., 1996, v., 50(2), 61-68.
6. Singh, B.N. and Sharma, P.V., J.Res. Ind. Med., 1971, 5, 223.
7. Ramaswamy, Minor Forest Products, Mysore, 1945,55;
Damodaran & Nair,Biochem. J. 1936,30,1014;
Giri,Indian J. med. Res., 1939, 27, 429; Mitra & Ghosh,Ann. biochem.1941, 1, 307;
Srinivasan, loc. cit.
8. Chawla et. al., 1982, Indian J. Med. Res. 76 (Suppl.), 95-98.
syn. E. pilulifera
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 10-0249:
{kywθ:kyaung:ming-sι:}
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin 093 :
{kywθ:kyaung:ming-hsι:}
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 1-214:
{kywθ:kyaung:ming-hsι:}
UHM 24: Kywe-chaung-myin-si,
Kya-bahon
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries : Not listed as such.
{kywθ:} - meaning "water buffaloe"
--
TravPo-M-Dict 038
{this-sι:} - meaning "exudate from a plant" --
--
TravPo-M-Dict 334
UKT: since this plant exudes a "milky sap" (English name in Myanmar: "milk
weed"), the appropriate spelling is
{kywθ:kyaung:ming-sι:}.
- not listed under {kywθ:kyaung:} -- Myan-Engl-Dict 049
Hindi:
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 10-0249: Milk weed; Australian Asthma weed
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin 093 : Milk weed; Australian Asthma weed
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 1-214: not given
UHM 24: not given
Picture:
Leader from Nagathein 1-215. The
large variety is on the left, and the small variety is on the right.
Plant identification characters :
Nagathein, free translation by UKT:
A small annual usually found in rainy season in Myanmar. Hair on the
plant.Height about 1 foot. Branches and shoots reddish in colour. Opposing leaves
about 1 inch in length and pointed at tip. Fruits in the middle and resembles
"corn" seeds. Exudes sap on breaking a branch.
1. Two kinds of (large) plants: pointed leaves reddish in colour and
round leaves greenish in color. In some parts of Myanmar known as {kra.ba.hoan°:}
2. A small kind of plant: leaves reddish in colour, grows close to
ground. Though known as
{kywθ:kyaung:ming-sι:}
An erect or ascending hispid annual herb, 1-2', leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong, obovate or oblong-lanceolate obliquely cordate, acute, serrate or serulate. -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar:
Widely distributed. A common weed occurring frequently on or beside roads and paths -- UHM
Part used and uses :
Dried stems and leaves. Used as respiratory troubles, dysentery, colic and worms in children.-- UHM
Constituents :
1. Gallic acid. 2. Querecetin. 3. Traces of an alkaloid. 4. An essential oil.(9) 5. l-Iinosital and an alkaloid xanthorhamnin isolated. (21) -- UHM
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 08-0193:
{krak-hsu-kri:} /
{siΡ:ro: krak-hsu}
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 1-167:
(
)
{krak-hsu (siΡ:ro: krak-hsu kri:)}
UHM 30: Si-yo-kyet-su
UKT: Nagathein on {krak-hsu}
Jatropha curcas is
Nagathein listed two kinds of
Nagathein further listed two more kinds of{krak-hsu (a.kri:)} and the small
{krak-hsu (a.ngθύ)}. He identified both of them as R. communis but differentiated them by their Hindi names. He noted further that the large kind is the imported species, whereas the small kind is the native species.
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries
:
{krak-hsu}
-
TravPo-M-Dict 031
{krak-hsu}
- n. castor oil plant, Ricinus communis -- Myan-Engl-Dict 041
Hindi:
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 08-0193: not given
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein not given
UHM 30: Si-yo-kyet-su
Picture:
Leader from
Nagathein: left (small kind), right (large kind)
See J. curcus
from:
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/shoyaku/photo/Phil/84Jat.jpg
Plant identification characters :
Nagathein and UKT's free translation:
The small variety of this kind grows wild anywhere, however, the preferred
location is dry rocky ground. The approximate height is 4 to 12 feet. The leaves
are red and are similar in shape {krak-hsu} leaves. The leaves produces a milky
sap. The fruit has a 3-pointed cross-section, and is similar in shape to
{ka.na.hko} (Croton tiglium , family: Euphorbiaceae).
This variety is also known as {siρ:ro: krak-hsu-ka.lι:}, {ka.na.hko a.rein:},
{tau:ka.na.hko}, {Bau-za-keing:}, {na-ga.hsauk}.
The
large variety of this kind is a small tree 10-15 feet high. The branches and the
leaves are very green in colour. Leaves: 3-lobed. Fruit: round, about the size
of large {kwam:thi:} (UKT: areca nut -- about 1 inch), in clusters of 4, 5, 6.
Leaves and leafstalk on breaking off gives out a white thick sap. The seed
within the fruit is similar in shape to the seed of
{krar} (UKT: water-lily), and has a sweetish creamy taste, and is as strong a
purgative as {ka.na.hko}. The root, the milky sap, and the seed are medicinally
useful.
A large or small evergreen tree, leaves 4-6" diam, lobes obtuse or acute, quite entire, petiole as long as the blade, flowers yellow, capsule 1-1 1/2 in., Poison. -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar:
Yawnghwe, Shwe Nyaung, Hsi-Seng, Mongnai (Southern Shan State). -- UHM
Part used and uses:
All parts are considered toxic but in particular the seeds. Contains a
purgative oil and a phytotoxin or toxalbumin (curcin) similar to
ricin in Ricinis. Curcin is found mainly in the seeds and also in the fruit and
sap. Purgative oil - the seed yields 40% oil, known as hell oil, pinheon
oil, oleum infernale or oleum, ricini majoris, which contains small
amounts of an irritant curcanoleic acid, which is related to ricinoleic
acid and crotonoleic acid, the principle active ingredients of castor oil and
croton oil respectively (Joubert et al., 1984). Jatropha is an ornamental
plant naturalised in many tropical areas. The roots, stems, leaves
seeds and fruits of the plant have been widely used in traditional folk medicine
in many parts of West Africa. The seeds of J. curcas have been used as a
purgative, anthelmintic and abortifacient
as well as for treating ascites, gout, paralysis and skin diseases. The seed
oil of the plant has been used as an ingredient in the treatment of rheumatic
conditions, itch and parasitic skin diseases, and in the treatment of fever, jaundice
and gonorrhoea, as a diuretic agent, and a mouth-wash. The leaf has been
used as a haemostatic agent and the bark as a fish poison. In certain
African countries people are accustomed to chewing these seeds when in need
of a laxative. J. curcas seeds have been found to be highly effective
against Strongyloides papillosus infection in goats (Adam & Magzoub, in press).
It has also been suggested that J. curcas seeds could be a useful
chemotherapeutic agent provided that it is active at a non-lethal dose
(Adam, 1974). This may be because of it's reported antihelminthic activity. --
edited extract from:
http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jcurc.htm.
Used as powerful purgatives.
Constituents:
1. About 20 percent of a fixed oil.
2. Curcin, a substance comparable to ricin.- UHM
Burmese-Myanmar transcripts :
Agri.Dept.2000 17-0440:
{sι:ma.hkan:}
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : NL
KS-TMN 097: Hsay-makhan; Bein-hpo
Nagathein 1-393:
{sι:ma.hkan:}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{sι:ma.hkan:}
-
-- TravPo-M-Dict 087
{sι:ma.hkan:} - n. coral plant, Jatropha multifida -- Myan-Engl-Dict 003
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 17-0440: coral bush
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin : not given
KS-TMN 097: Coral Plant; Coral-bush; French Physic Nut; Small Physic Nut
Nagathein 1-393: not given
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader from Nagathein
Photos:
left - habit with flowers;
right - habit.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A large shrub or a small tree; younger stems glabrous, sap milky. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules multifid stalks; petioles long, canaliculated; laminae orbicular, palmatisect, 3- to 5-lobed, incised into many narrow entire or lobulate segments, the bases rounded or cordate, the margins entire or glandular semulated, the tips caudate-acuminate, 5- to 10-costate, reticulate, glabrous, the upper surfaces green, the lower reddish green glaucous. Inflorescences in terminal and axillary corymbose scorpioid cymes; peduncles long; bracts subulate, minute, green. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, unisexual, monoecious, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Staminate flowers 8-12: Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, companulate, the lobes ovate, petaloid, orange-red. Corolla synpetalous, connate only at the bases, the petals 5, obovate, cuneate, each base with a glandular disc, red or orange-red. Androecium monadelphous, stamens 10, the anthers dithecous, ovoid, erect, dorsifixed, extrorse, dehiscence longitudinal; intrastaminal disc entire; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers 2-3: solitary, axillary, calyx and corolla as in the staminate flowers; intrastaminal disc urceolate. Pistil 1, ovary oblongoid, 3-carpelled, syncarpous, 3-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovule 1in each locule, pendulous, micropyle carunculate, the style short, the stigmas 3, each 2-fid. Fruit a septifragal capsule, globose, 3-lobed, splitting into three 2-valved, 1 -seeded crustaceous cocci, dehiscing ventrally, green when young, yellow or pale black when mature; seeds 3, carunculate, pale black, endosperm fleshy. Flowering period: Throughout the year. Fruiting period: Throughout the year -- KS-TMN
Distribution in Myanmar :
Planted. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
Leaf, fruit, seed, latex -- Haemorrhoids; Common cold; Ascites. Leaf -- Scabies. Seed -- Aphrodisiac; Abortifacient. Latex -- Common cold; Heals boils and pustules. -- KS-TMN
Constituents :
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 27-0710:
{tau:thi-ting:}
FAO :
Lθ-seik-shin :
KS-TMN:
Nagathein 3-404:
{thi-ting: (tau:)}
UHM 31: Taw-thi-din, Po-thi-din
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries : (UKT: Listed a species named
{thi-ting:} which bears red fruits. The seeds provide a red dye. However,
this species may or nay not be M. philippensis .)
{thi-ting:}
-
-- TravPo-M-Dict
324
{thi-ting:}
- n. annato; lipstick tree, Bixa orellana -- Myan-Engl-Dict 496
Hindi:
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 27-0710: Kamala tree
FAO :
Lθ-seik-shin :
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 3-404: not given
UHM 31: Rottlera, Kameela, Glandulae, Rottlerae
Picture:
Leader from: Kamala, drawing 175X220,
http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/k/kamala01-s.jpg
Photo: left Mallotus philippinensis http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au/database/Mall_philippinensis.htm mp,
right Mallotus philippinensis
http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantatlas/images.asp?plantID=1994#
Plant identification characters :
A tree with alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate coriaceous evergreen leaves, racemes of staminate and pistillate flowers, and glandular-hairy 3 celled septifragally dehiscent capsules. -- UHM
Kamala. U. S. 1890. Kamala. Glandulae Rottlerae.The U. S. Pharmacopoeia, under the name of Rottlera, U. S., 1870, Kameela, formerly recognized the glands and hairs from the capsules of Mallotus philippinensis (Lamarck) Muell.-Arg. (Fam. Euphorbiaceae.) This tree grows in Abyssinia, Southern Arabia, Hindostan, the East India Islands, China, and Australia, reaching a height of from fifteen to twenty feet, and yielding a roundish, three-valved, three-locular capsule about the size of a small cherry, thickly covered with a red powder, which is collected in Hindostan by rolling the berries about in large baskets until the freed powder sifts through the open wicker-work. -- US Dispensatory, 1918: Kamala. Mallotus philippinensis. Rottlera. The Dispensatory of the United States of America.
Distribution of Myanmar:
Central Range, Hsi-Seng (Southern Shan States.) -- UHM
Part used and used as:
The hairs obtained from the capsules. Used as taenifuge, anthelmintic to remove ascaris and thread worms, as a dye stuff. -- UHM
Constituents:
1. An active taenifuge principle called rottlerin. 2. A red resin. 3. A yellow resin. 4. Wax, tannin, colouring matter. (7) -- UHM
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts :
Agri.Dept.2000 20-0502:
{hsi:hpru} Emblica officinalis
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin 165:
{hsi:hpru} Emblica officinalis , Phyllanthus emblica
KS-TMN 098: Zibyu; Shabyu Phyllanthus emblica
Nagathein 1-425:
{hsi:hpru} Emblica myrobalan ,
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling:
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
-
-
-- TravPo-M-Dict 100
--
-- TravPo-M-Dict 342
n. Eastern gooseberry; emblic myrobalan, Emblica
officinalis.-- Myan-Engl-Dict 132
For more information, go to Emblica officinalis
Listed as
{krak-hsu-ro:ni} in Myanmar Medicinal Plant Database 2005.
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 08-0194:
{krak-hsu-ro:ni}
FAO :
Lθ-seik-shin 059:
{krak-hsu kri:}
KS-TMN 101: Kyet-su
Nagathein 1-165:
{krak-hsu (a.kri:} /
{krak-hsu (a.ngθύ)}
UHM : NL
UKT: See Nagathein on {krak-hsu}
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
Official Myanmar Dictionaries
:
{krak-hsu}-
TravPo-M-Dict 031
{krak-hsu} - castor oil plant, Ricinus communis -- Myan-Engl-Dict 041
Hindi :
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
:
Agri.Dept.2000 08-0194: Castor oil plant
Nagathein 1-165: Castor oil plant
Nagathein 1-165: Castor oil plant
FAO : NL
Lθ-seik-shin 059: Castor oil plant
KS-TMN 101: Castor-oil Plant; Palma Christi.
UHM : NL
Picture:
Leader from Nagathein: large kind
Photos: left - habit with flowers and fruits,
right - flowers and fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters:
Evergreen small trees or annual herbs; stems cylindrical, hollow, glabrous, the younger ones and the infloreseence axes red or green. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules intrapetiolor, linear; petioles long, red or green; laminae palmatipartite, 5-to 11-lobed, the lobes oblong to linear, the bases peltate, the margins dentate or serrate, the tips acauminate, 5-to 11-costate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous, membranous, green or reddish-green. Inflorescences thyrsiform, terminal, the cymules 3- to 6-flowered; bracts ovate, persistent. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, unisexual, monoecious, the staminates borne on the lower part of the peduncle, the pistillates on the upper part, apetalous, actinomorphic, hypogynous. Staminate flowers: Pedicels short. Calyx aposepalous, the sepals 5, ovate, glabrous, Androecium polyadelphous, the bundles 1-6, stamens numerous, the filaments much branched, the anthers dithecous, cells distinct, globose, divergent, basifixed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: Pedicels long. Calyx aposepalous, the sepals 5, ovate, deciduous. Pistil 1, ovary ellipsoid, usually 3-carpelled, cyncarpous, 3-loculed, 4-carpelled and 4-loculed rare, the placentation apical, the ovule one in each locule, pendulous, the styles 3, terminal, the stigmas bifid, plumose. Fruit a dehiscent regma, spiny, globosely oblongoid, green, red or reddish-green, dehiscing into 3, 2-valued coccae when ripe, the cocci 1-seeded; seeds ovoid, oblongoid or cuboid, testa crustaceous, variously coloured, grey, brown, black, reddish brown or deep chocolate brown, the markings or mottlings various, white or brown or wholly black and non mottled, endosperm oily and fleshy. Flowering and fruiting periods: October-May -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation:
A large, evergreen shrub. Leaves: palmate about a foot wide. Both male and
female flowers on the same plant. Fruits: 3-lobed, 1/2 to 1 inch. Covered with
soft spines.
The
plants are termed "white" (green) or "red" depending on the colour of leaves.
Depending on the size of the plants, the plants can also be divided into the
"large" and the "small" kind.
Distribution in Myanmar :
Commonly grows wild, naturalized or cultivated in Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
Seed -- Promotes spermatogenesis; Cathartic; Dysentery; Ascites; Colic; Hyperlipaemia; Hepatitis; Carminative; Cough; As an expectorant; Asthma; Backache; Head-ache; Orchitis; Haemorrhoids; Gouty arthritis; Leprosy; Pyrexia -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation:
Highly indigestible. Promotes production of semen. Promotes internal heat.
Purgative. Useful for "wind" and "phlegm" diseases. Used in
colic, fever, cough, dysentery, backache, headache, leprosy, hyperlipemia,
orchitis, etc.
The large and small variety are equally effective in medicine. However, the
practitioners of the past preferred to use the small variety. Note: The large
variety is the imported species, whereas the small variey is native.
Considered anodyne, antidote, aperient, bactericide, cathartic, cyanogenetic, discutient, emetic, emollient, expectorant, insecticide, lactagogue, larvicidal, laxative, POISON, purgative, tonic, and vermifuge, castor or castor oil is a dangerous ingredient in folk remedies for abscess, anasarca, arthritis, asthma, boils, burns, cancer, carbuncles, catarrh, chancre, cholera, cold, colic, convulsions, corns, craw-craw, deafness, delirium, dermatitis, dogbite, dropsy, epilepsy, erysipelas, fever, flu, gout, guineaworm, headache, inflammation, moles, myalgia, nerves, osteomyelitis, palsy, parturition, prolapse, puerperium, rash, rheumatism, scald, scrofula, seborrhea, skin, sores, stomachache, strabismus, swellings, toothaches, tuberculosis, tumors, urethritis, uteritis, venereal disease, warts, whitlows, and wounds. The oil and seed have been used as folk remedies for: warts, cold tumors, indurations of the abdominal organs, whitlows, lacteal tumors, indurations of the mammary gland, corns, and moles, etc. Castor-oil is a cathartic and has labor-inducing properties. Ricinoleic acid has served in contraceptive jellies. Ricin, a toxic protein in the seeds, acts as a blood coagulant. Oil used externally for dermatitis and eye ailments. Seeds, which yield 4550% of a fixed oil, also contain the alkaloids ricinine and toxalbumin ricin, and considered purgative, counter-irritant in scorpion-sting and fish poison. Leaves applied to the head to relieve headache and as a poultice for boils. (Duke and Wain, 1981). -- http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Ricinus_communis.html#Uses
Constituents :
Per 100 g, the leaves are reported to contain on a zero-moisture basis, 24.8 g protein, 5.4 g fat, 57.4 g total carbohydrate, 10.3 g fiber, 12.4 g ash, 2,670 mg Ca, and 460 mg P. The seed contains 5.1–5.6% moisture, 12.0–16.0% protein, 45.0–50.6% oil, 3.1–7.0 NFE, 23.1–27.2% CF, and 2.0–2.2% ash. Seeds are high in phosphorus, 90% in the phytic form. The castor oil consists principally of ricinoleic acid with only small amounts of dihydroxystearic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. The unsaponifiable matter contains b-sitosterol. The oil-cake from crushing whole seeds contain 9.0% moisture, 6.5% oil, 20.5% protein, 49.0% total carbohydrate and 15.0% ash. The manural value is 6.6% N, 2.6% P2O5, and 1.2% K2O (C.S.I.R., 1948–1976). There are 60 mg/kg uric acid and 7 ppm HCN in the seed. The seeds contain a powerful lipase, employed for commercial hydrolysis of fats, also amylase, invertase, maltase, endotrypsin, glycolic acid, oxidase, ribonuclease, and a fat-soluble zymogen. Sprouting seeds contain catalase, peroxidase and reductase. -- http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Ricinus_communis.html#Chemistry
Results of search for 'Croton' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 9 Aug 2006.
Croton argyratus Blume. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Mon, Taninthayi
Croton birmanicus Muell. Arg. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago,
Taninthayi, Yangon.
Croton calderi T. Chakrabarty & N.P. Balakr. Habit: Shrub.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Croton calococcus Kurz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide. Common
Names: Kanakho-gale
Croton caudatus Geisel. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide. Common
Names: Awle, Taung-salat
Croton chlorocalyx Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Sagaing
Croton erythrostachys Hook. f. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar
Croton flocculosus Kurz. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Wide. Common
Names: Thala
Croton joufra Roxb. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago, Kachin,
Mandalay, Mon, Sagaing, Taninthayi. Common Names: Thetyin-gale, Thetyin-kado
Croton meeboldianus T. Chakrabarty & N. P. Balakr. Habit: Shrub.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide.
Common Names: Thetyin-gyi
Croton rhodostachyus Muell. Arg. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Chin,
Kachin, Mandalay, Sagaing
Croton robustus Kurz. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Bago, Mon,
Taninthayi, Yangon. Common Names: Thetyin
Croton roxburghianus N.P. Balakr. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Wide. Common Names: Ha-yang, Maisat-lan, Thetyin-gyi, Umawng
Croton sublyratus Kurz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Mon, Rakhine,
Taninthayi
Croton tiglium L. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Cultivated.
Common Names: Kanakho, Mai-hkang
Croton tomentosus Muell. Arg. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Ayeyarwady,
Bago, Mon, Taninthayi
Croton wallichii Muell. Arg. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Ayeyarwady,
Bago, Mandalay, Mon, Taninthayi, Yangon. Common Names: Thetyin-kado
Results of search for 'Emblica' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 7 May 2006.
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Habit: Tree.
Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Chay-ahkya, Htakyu, Ku-hlu, Mai-hkam, Set-kalwe,
Set-thalwe, Shabyu, Tasha, Taya, Zibyu
USDA-NRCS-data:
"EMOF","Emblica officinalis Gaertner",">>Phyllanthus
emblica","Euphorbiaceae"
Results of search for 'Phyllanthus' in the Checklist of Plants
of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 6 May 2006.
Glochidion helferi Hook. f. Cited as:
Phyllanthus helferi Muell. Arg. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Taninthayi
Glochidion laevigatum (Muell. Arg.) Hook. f. Cited as:
Phyllanthus laevigatus Muell. Arg. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Taninthayi
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. Cited as: Cicca acida (L.)
Merr. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Mak-hkam-sang-paw,
Star gooseberry, Thinbaw-zibyu
Phyllanthus albizzioides (Kurz) Hook. f. Cited as: Cicca
albizzioides Kurz. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Sha-ma, Shit-sha
Phyllanthus baeobotryoides Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution:
Taninthayi
Phyllanthus birmanicus Muell. Arg. Habit: Shrub. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar
Phyllanthus clarkei Hook. f. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Shan
Phyllanthus columnaris Muell. Arg. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Wide. Common Names: Kalon-letthe, Mak-sup-ka-lawn, Ye-tasha
Phyllanthus distichus Muell. Arg. Habit: Tree. Distribution:
Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Thin-baw-ziphyu
Phyllanthus elegans Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago, Mandalay,
Mon, Taninthayi
Phyllanthus gomphocarpus Hook. f. Habit: Shrub. Distribution:
Taninthayi
Phyllanthus hamiltonianus Muell. Arg. Habit: Shrub. Distribution:
Sagaing
Phyllanthus lanceolarius (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. Cited as: Glochidion
lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Bago, Chin, Kachin, Mandalay, Sagaing,
Shan, Shan, Taninthayi. Common Names: Hta-min-sok, Tamasok
Phyllanthus macrocarpus (Blume) Muell. Arg. Cited as: Cicca macrocarpa (Blume) Kurz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Mandalay. Common Names: Taw-ziphyu
Phyllanthus nanus Hook. f. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Mye-shit-sha-gale
Phyllanthus niruri L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Flor-de-joja, Kyet-tha-hin,
Yaung-ma-ywet
Phyllanthus parvifolius Buch.-Ham. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Chin, Kachin, Kachin
Phyllanthus pomiferus Hook. f. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Chyahkya, Mai-mak-hkam, Sha-byu,
Zibyu
Phyllanthus prainianus Collett & Hemsl. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Chin, Kachin, Mandalay, Yangon
Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Yangon
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Cited as: Cicca reticulata (Poir.) Kurz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Ye-chin-yar
Phyllanthus rheedii Wight. Habit: Herb. Distribution: Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Ma-shaw, Ma-shaw-se
Phyllanthus roeperianus Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Kachin, Shan.
Phyllanthus simplex Retz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Kachin, Sagaing. Common Names: Shit-sha
Phyllanthus urinaria L. Habit: Herb. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Mye-shit-sha, Mye-ziphyu
USDA-NRCS-data
"PHYLL","Phyllanthus L.","leafflower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHAB","Phyllanthus abnormis Baill.","Drummond's leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHABA","Phyllanthus abnormis Baill. var. abnormis","Drummond's leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHDR2","Phyllanthus drummondii Small",">>Phyllanthus abnormis var.
abnormis","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHGA2","Phyllanthus garberi Small",">>Phyllanthus abnormis var.
abnormis","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHABR","Phyllanthus abnormis Baill. var. riograndensis G.L. Webster","Rio
Grande leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHAC3","Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels","Tahitian gooseberry
tree","Euphorbiaceae"
"CIAC2","Cicca acidua (L.) Merr.",">>Phyllanthus acidus","Euphorbiaceae"
"CIDI3","Cicca disticha L.",">>Phyllanthus acidus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHDI10","Phyllanthus distichus (L.) Muell.-Arg.",">>Phyllanthus
acidus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHAC7","Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl","Jamaican gooseberry tree","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHAM5","Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher & Thonn.","carry me
seed","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHAN9","Phyllanthus angustifolius (Sw.) Sw.","foliage flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHCA9","Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt.","Carolina leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHCAC","Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt. ssp. caroliniensis","Carolina leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHCAS","Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt. ssp. saxicola (Small) G.L.
Webster","Carolina leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPR6","Phyllanthus pruinosus auct. non Poepp. ex L.C. Rich. [misapplied]",">>Phyllanthus
caroliniensis ssp. saxicola","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHSA5","Phyllanthus saxicola Small",">>Phyllanthus caroliniensis ssp.
saxicola","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHDE4","Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd.","niruri","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHDI8","Phyllanthus distichus Hook. & Arn.","pamakani mahu","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHSA6","Phyllanthus sandwicensis Muell.-Arg.",">>Phyllanthus
distichus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHSAD2","Phyllanthus sandwicensis Muell.-Arg. var. degeneri Sherff",">>Phyllanthus
distichus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHSAE","Phyllanthus sandwicensis Muell.-Arg. var. ellipticus Muell.-Arg.",">>Phyllanthus
distichus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHEM2","Phyllanthus emblica L.","emblic","Euphorbiaceae"
"EMOF","Emblica officinalis Gaertner",">>Phyllanthus emblica","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHEP","Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L.","swordbush","Euphorbiaceae"
"XYEP","Xylophylla epiphyllantha (L.) Britt.",">>Phyllanthus
epiphyllanthus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHER2","Phyllanthus ericoides Torr.","heather leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHFR5","Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster","gulf leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHJU2","Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd.","gamo de costa","Euphorbiaceae"
"ASGR13","Asterandra grandifolia (L.) Britt.",">>Phyllanthus
juglandifolius","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHLI13","Phyllanthus liebmannianus Muell.-Arg.","Florida leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHLIP2","Phyllanthus liebmannianus Muell.-Arg. ssp. platylepis (Small) G.L.
Webster","Florida leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPL2","Phyllanthus platylepis Small",">>Phyllanthus liebmannianus ssp.
platylepis","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHMA31","Phyllanthus marianus Mόll. Arg.","","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHNI2","Phyllanthus niruri L.","gale of the wind","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHNIL","Phyllanthus niruri L. ssp. lathyroides (Kunth) G.L. Webster","gale of
the wind","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHLA11","Phyllanthus lathyroides Kunth",">>Phyllanthus niruri ssp.
lathyroides","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHNIN2","Phyllanthus niruri L. ssp. niruri","gale of the wind","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHOR10","Phyllanthus orbicularis Kunth","wedge leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"ANCU","Andrachne cuneifolia Britt.",">>Phyllanthus
orbicularis","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHCU4","Phyllanthus cuneifolius (Britt.) Croizat",">>Phyllanthus
orbicularis","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPE7","Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright ex Griseb.","fivepetal leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPEP2","Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright ex Griseb. ssp.
pentaphyllus","fivepetal leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPEF2","Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright ex Griseb. ssp. pentaphyllus var.
floridanus G.L. Webster","fivepetal leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPEP","Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright ex Griseb. ssp. polycladus (Urban)
G.L. Webster","fivepetal leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPO6","Phyllanthus polycladus Urban",">>Phyllanthus pentaphyllus ssp.
polycladus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPO3","Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt. ex Spreng.","smartweed leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPU6","Phyllanthus pudens L.C. Wheeler","birdseed leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHPU11","Phyllanthus pulcher Wallich ex Muell.-Arg.","tropical leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHSA15","Phyllanthus saffordii Merr.","","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHST5","Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) G.L. Webster","stipulate leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHDI11","Phyllanthus diffusus Klotzsch",">>Phyllanthus
stipulatus","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHTE5","Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.","Mascarene Island leaf-flower","Euphorbiaceae"
"PHUR","Phyllanthus urinaria L.","chamber bitter", "Euphorbiaceae"
Entry format: Botanical name / Family / Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts ( Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist: LSR : FAO : KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :/ Myanmar-Script Spelling (
Official Myanmar Dictionaries : - TravPo-M-Dict - Myan-Engl-Dict - Myan-Ortho
/ Chklist data / Hindi /
Sanskrit / English common name used in Myanmar / Picture /
Plant identification characters / Distribution in Myanmar / Part
used and uses / Constituents /
End of TIL file
